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amba-10q_20210731.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended July 31, 2021

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-35667

AMBARELLA, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Cayman Islands		98-0459628
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3101 Jay Street Santa Clara, California		95054
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(408) 734-8888

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, $0.00045 Par Value Per Share	AMBA	The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of ordinary shares of the Registrant outstanding as of September 1, 2021 was 36,663,380 shares.

AMBARELLA, INC.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION			3

Item 1.	Financial Statements		3

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021		3

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020		4

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020		5

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020		6

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020		7

	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements		8

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		23

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		33

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		33

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION			34

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		34

Item 1A.	Risk Factors		34

Item 6.	Exhibits		61

Signatures			63

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

AMBARELLA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	As of
	July 31,		January 31,
	2021		2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	258,402	$	241,274
Marketable debt securities		190,757		199,434
Accounts receivable, net		38,295		24,974
Inventories		42,076		26,081
Restricted cash		10		10
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,481		5,531
Total current assets		534,021		497,304
Property and equipment, net		8,237		5,530
Deferred tax assets, non-current		10,699		10,914
Intangible assets, net		15,800		18,703
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		10,066		9,659
Goodwill		26,601		26,601
Other non-current assets		4,634		4,569
Total assets	$	610,058	$	573,280
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		33,116		21,124
Accrued and other current liabilities		46,906		48,126
Operating lease liabilities, current		2,886		2,911
Income taxes payable		1,726		962
Deferred revenue, current		902		844
Total current liabilities		85,536		73,967
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		7,763		7,525
Other long-term liabilities		13,705		16,812
Total liabilities		107,004		98,304
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Shareholders' equity:
Preference shares, $0.00045 par value per share, 20,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued and outstanding at July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively		—		—
Ordinary shares, $0.00045 par value per share, 200,000,000 shares authorized at July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively; 36,644,636 shares issued and outstanding at July 31, 2021; 35,547,440 shares issued and outstanding at January 31, 2021		16		16
Additional paid-in capital		394,121		347,458
Accumulated other comprehensive income		608		1,219
Retained earnings		108,309		126,283
Total shareholders’ equity		503,054		474,976
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	610,058	$	573,280

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

AMBARELLA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended July 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Revenue	$	79,327		$	50,113		$	149,460		$	104,758
Cost of revenue		29,908			19,155			56,276			41,780
Gross profit		49,419			30,958			93,184			62,978
Operating expenses:
Research and development		39,558			32,802			77,432			67,002
Selling, general and administrative		15,821			13,445			31,848			26,880
Total operating expenses		55,379			46,247			109,280			93,882
Loss from operations		(5,960	)		(15,289	)		(16,096	)		(30,904	)
Other income, net		218			1,280			811			2,558
Loss before income taxes		(5,742	)		(14,009	)		(15,285	)		(28,346	)
Provision for income taxes		1,414			747			2,689			1,873
Net loss	$	(7,156	)	$	(14,756	)	$	(17,974	)	$	(30,219	)
Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders:
Basic	$	(0.20	)	$	(0.43	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.88	)
Diluted	$	(0.20	)	$	(0.43	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.88	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders:
Basic		36,442,536			34,480,307			36,191,420			34,280,318
Diluted		36,442,536			34,480,307			36,191,420			34,280,318

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

AMBARELLA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited, in thousands)

	Three Months Ended July 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Net loss	$	(7,156	)	$	(14,756	)	$	(17,974	)	$	(30,219	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments		(184	)		1,182			(611	)		819
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(184	)		1,182			(611	)		819
Comprehensive loss	$	(7,340	)	$	(13,574	)	$	(18,585	)	$	(29,400	)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

AMBARELLA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)

									Accumulated
	Outstanding					Additional			Other
	Ordinary Shares					Paid-in			Comprehensive			Retained
	Shares			Amount		Capital			Income			Earnings			Total
Balance--January 31, 2021		35,547,440		$	16	$	347,458		$	1,219		$	126,283		$	474,976
Issuance of shares through employee equity incentive plan		643,120			—		6,741			—			—			6,741
Issuance of shares through employee stock purchase plan		82,783			—		3,694			—			—			3,694
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards granted to employees and consultants		—			—		17,128			—			—			17,128
Net unrealized losses on investments - net of tax		—			—		—			(427	)		—			(427	)
Net loss		—			—		—			—			(10,818	)		(10,818	)
Balance--April 30, 2021		36,273,343			16		375,021			792			115,465			491,294
Issuance of shares through employee equity incentive plan		371,293			—		1,461			—			—			1,461
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards granted to employees and consultants		—			—		17,639			—			—			17,639
Net unrealized losses on investments - net of tax		—			—		—			(184	)		—			(184	)
Net loss		—			—		—			—			(7,156	)		(7,156	)
Balance--July 31, 2021		36,644,636		$	16	$	394,121		$	608		$	108,309		$	503,054
									Accumulated
	Outstanding					Additional			Other
	Ordinary Shares					Paid-in			Comprehensive			Retained
	Shares			Amount		Capital			Income			Earnings			Total
Balance--January 31, 2020		33,805,609		$	15	$	261,220		$	768		$	186,069		$	448,072
Issuance of shares through employee equity incentive plan		478,643			—		6,463			—			—			6,463
Issuance of shares through employee stock purchase plan		83,564			—		2,660			—			—			2,660
Stock repurchase		(25,719	)		—		(1,000	)		—			—			(1,000	)
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards granted to employees and consultants		—			—		15,214			—			—			15,214
Net unrealized losses on investments - net of tax		—			—		—			(363	)		—			(363	)
Net loss		—			—		—			—			(15,463	)		(15,463	)
Balance--April 30, 2020		34,342,097			15		284,557			405			170,606			455,583
Issuance of shares through employee equity incentive plan		268,739			—		344			—			—			344
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards granted to employees and consultants		—			—		16,294			—			—			16,294
Net unrealized gains on investments - net of tax		—			—		—			1,182			—			1,182
Net loss		—			—		—			—			(14,756	)		(14,756	)
Balance--July 31, 2020		34,610,836		$	15	$	301,195		$	1,587		$	155,850		$	458,647

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

AMBARELLA, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited, in thousands)

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021			2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(17,974	)	$	(30,219	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		5,803			5,786
Amortization (accretion) of premium (discount) on marketable debt securities, net		852			88
Stock-based compensation		38,214			32,430
Deferred income taxes		215			188
Other non-cash items, net		13			(72	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(13,321	)		(4,788	)
Inventories		(15,995	)		(936	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,033			1,472
Other non-current assets		435			329
Accounts payable		11,992			(1,217	)
Accrued and other current liabilities		(619	)		2,144
Income taxes payable		764			(180	)
Deferred revenue		58			699
Operating lease liabilities		(1,763	)		(1,031	)
Other long-term liabilities		183			529
Net cash provided by operating activities		9,890			5,222
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of investments		(101,664	)		(109,161	)
Sales of investments		32,839			44,044
Maturities of investments		75,490			49,227
Purchase of tangible and intangible assets		(3,754	)		(665	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		2,911			(16,555	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Stock repurchase		—			(1,000	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and employee stock purchase plan		7,161			3,866
Payment for intangible assets		(2,834	)		(2,288	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		4,327			578
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		17,128			(10,755	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		241,284			231,412
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	258,412		$	220,657
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	1,085		$	842
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:
Unpaid liabilities related to tangible and intangible assets additions	$	1,332		$	1,174

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

AMBARELLA, INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

Ambarella, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on January 15, 2004. The Company is a leading developer of low-power semiconductor solutions offering high-definition (HD) and Ultra HD compression, image processing, and deep neural network processing. The Company combines its processor design capabilities with its expertise in video and image processing, algorithms and software to provide a technology platform that is designed to be easily scalable across multiple applications and enable rapid and efficient product development. The Company’s system-on-a-chip, or SoC, designs fully integrate high-definition video processing, image processing, artificial intelligence (AI) computer vision algorithms, audio processing and system functions onto a single chip, delivering exceptional video and image quality, differentiated functionality and low power consumption. The Company is currently addressing a broad range of human and computer vision applications, including professional and consumer security cameras, automotive cameras such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), electronic mirrors, drive recorders, driver/cabin monitoring systems, autonomous driving, and industrial and robotic applications.

The Company sells its solutions to leading original design manufacturers, or ODMs, and original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, globally.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and, therefore, do not include all information and notes normally provided in audited financial statements. The accounting policies are described in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the 2021 fiscal year filed with the SEC on March 31, 2021 (the “Form 10-K”) and updated, as necessary, in this Form 10-Q. The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data presented for comparative purposes was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals and adjustments) considered necessary for a fair statement have been included. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of, nor comparable to, the results of operations for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in the Form 10-K.

Basis of Consolidation

The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31. The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reported periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and assumptions, including those related to (i) write down of excess and obsolete inventories; (ii) the estimated useful lives of long-lived assets; (iii) the valuation of stock-based compensation awards and financial instruments; (iv) the probability of performance objectives achievement; and (v) the realization of tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities, including reserves for uncertain tax positions. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and on various other factors which the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company may engage third-party valuation specialists to assist with estimates related to the valuation of financial instruments, assets and stock awards associated with various contractual arrangements. Such estimates often require the selection of appropriate valuation methodologies and significant judgment. Actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or circumstances and such differences could be material.

The Company also assessed the impacts of COVID-19 on the above accounting matters as of July 31, 2021 and through the date of issuing this report. While it is difficult to quantify the impact of COVID-19, the future magnitude and duration of COVID-19, as well as other associated factors, could result in material negative impacts to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods.

Concentration of Risk

The Company’s products are manufactured, assembled and tested by third-party contractors located primarily in Asia. The Company does not have long-term agreements with these contractors. A significant disruption in the operations of one or more of these contractors would impact the production of the Company’s products which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

A substantial portion of the Company’s revenue is derived from sales through one of its distributors, WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd., formerly Wintech Microelectronics Co., Ltd., or Wintech, which serves as its non-exclusive sales representative in Asia other than Japan, and directly to one ODM customer, Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., or Chicony. Termination of the relationships with these customers could result in a temporary or permanent loss of revenue. Furthermore, any credit issues from these customers could impair their abilities to make timely payment to the Company. See Note 14 for additional information regarding revenue and credit concentration with these customers.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable debt securities and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash primarily in checking accounts with reputable financial institutions. Cash deposits held with these financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. The Company has not experienced any losses on deposits of its cash. In order to limit the exposure of each investment, the cash equivalents and marketable debt securities consist primarily of money market funds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, U.S. government securities and debt securities of corporations which management assesses to be highly liquid. The Company does not hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes.

The Company performs ongoing credit evaluation of its customers and adjusts credit limits based upon payment history and customers’ credit worthiness. The Company regularly monitors collections and payments from its customers.

Financial Instruments

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments in fiscal year 2021. As a result, the Company recognizes credit losses based on a forward-looking current expected credit losses (CECL) model, including accounts receivable. The Company’s accounts receivable are recorded at invoiced amount less an allowance for any potentially uncollectible amounts. Accordingly, the Company makes estimates of expected credit losses for the allowance for doubtful accounts based upon its assessment of various factors, including historical collection experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality of its customers, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from customers.

The Company considers all highly liquid debt security investments with original maturities of less than three months at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Debt security investments that are highly liquid with original maturities at the time of purchase greater than three months are considered marketable debt securities. The Company classifies these investments as “available-for-sale” (AFS) securities. The Company estimates the expected losses whenever a security’s fair value is below its amortized cost basis. The expected loss is computed at an individual security level using the discounted cash flow method with the effective interest rate on the purchase date. In the determination of credit-related losses, the Company excludes securities with zero loss expectation such as assets backed by government agencies. There are various factors considered in its assessment of credit-related losses, including the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, adverse conditions related to an industry or an underlying loan obligator, the payment structure of the security, changes to the rating of the security and other factors that may affect the security credit. The credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in Other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations but is limited to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost basis of the security, adjusted for accrued interest. The non-credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The credit-related losses from the financial instruments were not material for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and the associated allowance amounts were not material as of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively.

Restricted Cash

Amounts included in restricted cash represent those required to be set aside to secure certain transactions in a foreign entity. The following table presents cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, and the sums are presented on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:

	As of
	July 31, 2021		January 31, 2021		July 31, 2020		January 31, 2020
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	258,402	$	241,274	$	220,647	$	231,403
Restricted cash		10		10		10		9
Total as presented in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows	$	258,412	$	241,284	$	220,657	$	231,412

Inventories

The Company records inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost includes materials and other production costs and is computed using standard cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory reserves are recorded for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventories based on forecast of future demand and market conditions. Any adjustments to reduce the cost of inventories to their net realizable value are recognized in earnings in the current period. Once inventory is written down, a new accounting cost basis is established and, accordingly, any associated reserve is not released until the inventory is sold or scrapped. There were no material inventory losses recognized for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Software Licenses

The Company accounts for a noncancelable on premise internal-use software license as the acquisition of an intangible asset and the incurrence of a liability to the extent that all or a portion of the software licensing fees are not paid on or before the license acquisition date. The intangible asset and related liability are recorded at net present value and interest expense is recorded over the payment term.

The Company expenses the cost of purchased software that is to be sold, leased or otherwise marketed as part of a product until the technological feasibility of the product has been established or where the software has an alternative future use. Once the technological feasibility of the product, to be externally marketed, has been established or where the software has an alternative future use, the Company capitalizes the cost of purchased software until the associated product is available for general release to customers, at which point the capitalized cost is amortized on a product by product basis over the remaining estimated economic life of the product.

Leases

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842, Leases in fiscal year 2020. As a result, the Company recognizes leases as operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and corresponding lease liabilities at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments, while recognizing lease expenses under straight-line method through the lease term. The Company also elected the practical expedient that does not recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term (12 months or less) leases. The Company does not combine lease components with non-lease components, and as a result, the non-lease components are accounted for separately. In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company uses the implicit interest rate if readily determinable. When the implicit rate is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The Company's leases mainly include its worldwide office facilities which are all classified as operating leases. Certain leases include renewal options that are under the Company's discretion. The renewal options are included in the ROU and liability calculation if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. The Company's finance leases were immaterial as of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company recognizes revenue when control of its goods and services is transferred to its customers. Revenue recognition is evaluated through the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied.

The sale of semiconductor products accounts for the substantial majority of the Company’s consolidated revenue. Sales agreements with customers are renewable periodically and contain terms and conditions with respect to payment, delivery, warranty, supply and other rights. The Company considers an accepted customer purchase order, governed by sales agreement, to be the contract with the customer. For each contract, the Company considers the promise to transfer tangible products to be the identified performance obligation. Product sales contracts may include volume-based tiered pricing or rebates that are fulfilled in cash or product. In determining the transaction price, the Company accounts for the right of returns, cash rebates, commissions and other pricing adjustments as variable consideration, estimates these amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers and reduces the revenue recognized. The Company estimates sales returns and rebates based on the Company’s historical patterns of return and pricing credits. As the Company’s standard payment terms are 30 days to 60 days, the contracts have no financing component. Under ASC 606, the Company estimates the total consideration to be received by using the expected value method for each contract, computes weighted average selling price for each unit shipped in cases where there is a material right due to the presence of volume-based tiered pricing, allocates the total consideration between the identified performance obligations, and recognizes revenue when control of its goods and services is transferred to its customers. The Company considers product control to be transferred at a point in time upon shipment or delivery because the Company has a present right to payment at that time, the customer has legal title to the asset, the Company has transferred physical possession of the asset, and the customer has significant risk and rewards of ownership of the asset.

The Company also enters into fixed-price engineering service agreements with certain customers. These agreements may include multiple performance obligations, such as software development services, licensing of intellectual property and post-contract customer support, or PCS. These multiple performance obligations are highly interdependent, highly interrelated, are typically not sold separately and do not have standalone selling prices. They are all inputs to generate one combined output which is incorporating the Company’s SoC into the customer’s product. Accordingly, the Company determines that they are not separately identifiable and shall be treated as a single performance obligation. Customers usually pay based on milestones achieved. Because payments received do not correspond directly with the value of the Company’s performance to date, for fixed-price engineering services arrangements, revenue is recognized using the time-based straight line method, which best depicts the Company’s performance toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation based on the nature of such professional services. Revenues from engineering service agreements were not material for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to the Company’s customers. The Company records contract assets when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. The Company’s contract assets are primarily related to satisfied but unbilled performance obligations associated with its engineering service agreements at the reporting date. As of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, the contract assets for these unbilled receivables were not material. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue. The deferred revenue is primarily related to the portion of a transaction price that exceeds the weighted average selling price for products sold to date under tiered-pricing contracts which contain material rights. This deferred revenue is expected to be recognized over the course of the contract when products are delivered for future pricing below the weighted average selling price of the contract. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not recognize any material revenue adjustment, respectively, related to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods released from this deferred revenue. As of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, the respective deferred revenues were not material. Additionally, the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, purchase orders for contracts that are greater than a year was not material as of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively. The Company also elects not to disclose the value of unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations due to an original expected contract duration of one year or less and elects to exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales taxes from the transaction price.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue includes cost of materials, cost associated with packaging and assembly, testing and shipping, cost of personnel, stock-based compensation, logistics and quality assurance, warranty cost, royalty expense, write-downs of inventories and allocation of overhead.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of personnel costs, product development costs, which include engineering services, development software and hardware tools, license fees, costs of fabrication of masks for prototype products, other development materials costs, depreciation of equipment and tools and allocation of facility costs, net of any research and development grants. As of July 31, 2021, there was approximately $1.4 million of grants recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and approximately $1.2 million of grants recorded in other non-current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Income Taxes

The Company records income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in its financial statements or tax returns. In estimating future tax consequences, generally all expected future events other than enactments or changes in the tax law or rates are considered. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Company applies authoritative guidance for the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. The guidance requires that tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is “more likely than not” to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. Upon estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, the Company considers and evaluates numerous factors, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not reflect the final tax liabilities. The Company adjusts its financial statements to reflect only those tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained under examination.

As part of the process of preparing condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. The Company estimates actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as accruals and allowances not currently deductible for tax purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets, which are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. In general, deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws, or loss or credit carryforwards are utilized.

In assessing whether deferred tax assets may be realized, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income.

The Company makes estimates and judgments about its future taxable income based on assumptions that are consistent with its plans and estimates. Should the actual amounts differ from estimates, the amount of valuation allowance could be materially impacted. Any adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods in which the adjustment is determined to be required.

Net Income (Loss) Per Ordinary Share

Basic earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (losses) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to ordinary shareholders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional ordinary shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include outstanding stock options, shares to be purchased under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan and unvested restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings (losses) per share by application of the treasury stock method.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains or losses, net from available-for-sale securities that are excluded from net income (loss).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

None.

2. Financial Instruments and Fair Value

The Company invests a portion of its cash in debt securities that are denominated in United States dollars. The investment portfolio consists of money market funds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, U.S. government securities, and debt securities of corporations. All of the investments are classified as available-for-sale securities and reported at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as follows:

	As of July 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Money market funds	$	4,785	$	—	$	—		$	4,785
Commercial paper		65,298		—		—			65,298
Corporate bonds		102,332		513		(18	)		102,827
Asset-backed securities		13,724		68		(5	)		13,787
U.S. government securities		28,294		51		(1	)		28,344
Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities	$	214,433	$	632	$	(24	)	$	215,041

	As of January 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Money market funds	$	171	$	—	$	—		$	171
Commercial paper		66,181		—		—			66,181
Corporate bonds		102,108		980		(7	)		103,081
Asset-backed securities		15,740		164		—			15,904
U.S. government securities		29,383		82		—			29,465
Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities	$	213,583	$	1,226	$	(7	)	$	214,802

As of July 31, 2021, there were no debt securities with unrealized losses for more than twelve months.

	As of
	July 31, 2021		January 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Included in cash equivalents	$	24,284	$	15,368
Included in marketable debt securities		190,757		199,434
Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities	$	215,041	$	214,802

The contractual maturities of the investments at July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021 were as follows:

	As of
	July 31, 2021		January 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Due within one year	$	135,449	$	135,899
Due within one to three years		79,592		78,903
Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities	$	215,041	$	214,802

The unrealized gains and losses on the available-for-sale securities were primarily caused by fluctuations in market value and interest rates as a result of the economic environment. In accordance with ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, the Company estimates the expected losses at an individual security level whenever a security’s fair value is below its amortized cost basis using the discounted cash flow method. The credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations but is limited to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost basis of the security, adjusted for accrued interest. The non-credit-related portion of the loss is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The credit-related losses were not material for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

The following fair value hierarchy is applied for disclosure of the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. The inputs require significant management judgment or estimation.

The Company measures the fair value of money market funds using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and classifies them within Level 1. The fair value of the Company’s investments in other debt securities are obtained based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets and are classified within Level 2.

The following tables present the fair value of the financial instruments measured on a recurring basis as of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively:

	As of July 31, 2021
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in thousands)
Money market funds	$	4,785	$	4,785	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		65,298		—		65,298		—
Corporate bonds		102,827		—		102,827		—
Asset-backed securities		13,787		—		13,787		—
U.S. government securities		28,344		—		28,344		—
Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities	$	215,041	$	4,785	$	210,256	$	—

	As of January 31, 2021
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(in thousands)
Money market funds	$	171	$	171	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper		66,181		—		66,181		—
Corporate bonds		103,081		—		103,081		—
Asset-backed securities		15,904		—		15,904		—
U.S. government securities		29,465		—		29,465		—
Total cash equivalents and marketable debt securities	$	214,802	$	171	$	214,631	$	—

3. Inventories

Inventories at July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

	As of
	July 31, 2021		January 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Work-in-progress	$	34,432	$	18,219
Finished goods		7,644		7,862
Total	$	42,076	$	26,081

4. Property and Equipment, Net

Depreciation expense was approximately $0.6 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and was approximately $1.2 million and $1.3 million for the six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Property and equipment at July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

	As of
	July 31, 2021			January 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Computer equipment and software	$	14,062		$	11,525
Machinery and equipment		7,261			6,946
Furniture and fixtures		1,153			969
Leasehold improvements		2,300			2,237
Construction in progress		1,142			331
		25,918			22,008
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization		(17,681	)		(16,478	)
Total property and equipment, net	$	8,237		$	5,530

5. Intangible Assets, Net

The intangible assets primarily consist of $4.1 million of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) from the acquisition of VisLab S.r.l., or VisLab, in June 2015 and $11.7 million of software licenses, net of amortization expense. Acquired IPR&D is capitalized at fair value and the amortization commences upon completion of the underlying projects. Once research and development efforts are completed, the corresponding amount of IPR&D is reclassified as an amortizable purchased intangible asset and is amortized over its estimated useful life. As of July 31, 2021, there was no IPR&D amortized. The Company will determine the project incorporating the VisLab IPR&D to be completed when a related chip begins mass production to address the level 3 and above advanced driving assistance systems markets.

The Company enters into certain software license agreements with third parties from time-to-time. The software licenses consist of noncancelable on premise internal-use software and software with alternative use that is to be sold, leased or otherwise marketed as part of a product. The licenses have been capitalized as intangible assets, and the corresponding future payments have been recorded as liabilities at net present value. As of July 31, 2021, $5.6 million was recorded in accrued and other current liabilities and $3.0 million was recorded in other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The carrying amounts of intangible assets as of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021 were as follows:

	As of July 31, 2021							As of January 31, 2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
	(in thousands)
In-process research and development	$	4,100	$	—		$	4,100	$	4,100	$	—		$	4,100
Software licenses		21,111		(9,411	)		11,700		21,043		(6,440	)		14,603
Total acquired intangible assets	$	25,211	$	(9,411	)	$	15,800	$	25,143	$	(6,440	)	$	18,703

The amortization expense related to the software licenses was approximately $1.5 million and $1.6 million for the three months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and was approximately $3.0 million and $3.1 million for the six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The expected future amortization expense related to these software licenses as of July 31, 2021 is as follows:

	As of
	July 31, 2021
Fiscal Year	(in thousands)
2022 (6 months remaining)	$	2,917
2023		6,299
2024		2,484
2025		—
2026		—
Thereafter		—
Total future amortization expenses:	$	11,700

IPR&D is required to be tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth fiscal quarter or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets may be impaired. There were no intangible asset impairments for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

6. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities at July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

	As of
	July 31, 2021		January 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Accrued employee compensation	$	18,194	$	18,105
Accrued rebates		284		391
Accrued product development costs		18,302		21,157
Software license liabilities, current		5,633		5,582
Other accrued liabilities		4,493		2,891
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	46,906	$	48,126

7. Leases

The Company has entered into various operating leases for its worldwide office facilities. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2022, the Company extended its Shanghai office lease for an additional three years beginning December 1, 2021 to November 30, 2024. The Company accounted for this extension as a lease modification and recorded an increase to the operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities of approximately $1.7 million, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company also signed a separate lease for additional space for its Shanghai office for a period of 40 months starting from August 1, 2021 through November 30, 2024 and will record an operating lease right-of-use asset and corresponding operating lease liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets upon commencement on August 1, 2021. The total estimated future undiscounted cash payments for this additional lease are approximately $1.7 million.

The operating lease expense was approximately $0.8 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The operating lease expense was approximately $1.6 million and $1.4 million for the six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company's short-term leases and finance leases were not material as of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

	Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	July 31, 2021		July 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Cash paid for operating leases included in operating cash flows	$	907	$	1,763
Supplemental non-cash information related to lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets	$	88	$	177
Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities arising from lease modifications	$	—	$	1,687

As of July 31, 2021, the weighted average remaining lease term is 3.99 years, and the weighted average discount rate is 3.83 percent. Future minimum lease payments for the lease liabilities are as follows:

	As of
	July 31, 2021
Fiscal Year	(in thousands)
2022 (6 months remaining)	$	1,663
2023		2,917
2024		2,696
2025		2,623
2026		1,178
Thereafter		274
Total future annual minimum lease payments		11,351
Less: interest		(702	)
Total lease liabilities	$	10,649

8. Other Long-Term Liabilities

Other long-term liabilities at July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

	As of
	July 31, 2021		January 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Unrecognized tax benefits, including interest	$	9,138	$	8,966
Deferred tax liabilities, non-current		1,287		1,288
Software license liabilities, non-current		2,969		6,259
Other long-term liabilities		311		299
Total other long-term liabilities	$	13,705	$	16,812

9. Capital Stock

Preference shares

After completion of the Company’s initial public offering in 2012, a total of 20,000,000 preference shares, with a $0.00045 par value per share, were authorized. There were no preference shares issued and outstanding as of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively.

Ordinary shares

As of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, a total of 200,000,000 ordinary shares were authorized.

In June 2021, the Company’s shareholders approved the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2021 EIP. The 2021 EIP permits the grant of incentive stock options, or ISOs, within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code, to employees of the Company and any of the Company’s subsidiary or parent corporations, and the grant of nonstatutory stock options, or NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance awards to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and any of the Company’s subsidiary or parent corporations’ employees and consultants. Upon adoption of the 2021 EIP, the total number of ordinary shares of the Company reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan was equal to, subject to adjustments upon changes in capitalization as provided under the 2021 EIP, 1,350,000 ordinary shares, plus (i) any ordinary shares subject to outstanding awards granted under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2012 EIP, that, after the date the 2012 EIP is terminated, are cancelled, expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full or are forfeited to or repurchased by the Company due to failure to vest, and (ii) any ordinary shares that, as of immediately prior to the termination of the 2012 EIP, were available for grant under the 2012 EIP, up to a maximum of 6,834,208 ordinary shares pursuant to clauses (i) and (ii).

In the first quarter of fiscal year 2022, the Company added 1,599,634 ordinary shares to the ordinary shares reserved for issuance, pursuant to an “evergreen” provision contained in the 2012 EIP. Upon the approval of the 2021 EIP, the 2012 EIP was terminated. No additional awards will be granted under the 2012 EIP and any shares that were reserved but not issued under the 2012 EIP became available for future grant or sale under the 2021 EIP. However, all outstanding stock options and other awards previously granted under the 2012 EIP will remain subject to the terms of the 2012 EIP.

In the first quarter of fiscal year 2022, the Company added 444,343 ordinary shares to the ordinary shares reserved for issuance, pursuant to an “evergreen” provision contained in the Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP. Pursuant to such provision, for each fiscal year, the number of ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP is automatically increased by a number equal to the lesser of (i) 1,500,000 ordinary shares, (ii) one and one quarter percent (1.25%) of the aggregate number of ordinary shares outstanding on such date, or (iii) an amount determined by the Company’s Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors.

As of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, the following ordinary shares were reserved for future issuance under the EIP and ESPP:

	As of
	July 31, 2021		January 31, 2021
Shares reserved for options, restricted stock and restricted stock units under EIP		7,916,962		5,981,741
Shares reserved for ESPP		2,660,703		2,299,143

Shares repurchased

On May 29, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the Company’s ordinary shares through June 30, 2020. On March 16, 2020, the Company repurchased a total of 25,719 shares for approximately $1.0 million in cash. On May 29, 2020, the Board approved an extension of this program for an additional twelve months ending June 30, 2021. On May 25, 2021, the Board extended the repurchase program for another 12 months through June 30, 2022.There were no ordinary shares repurchased in the six months ended July 31, 2021. Repurchases may be made from time-to-time through open market purchases, 10b5-1 plans or privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of ordinary shares, and it may be suspended at any time at the Company’s discretion. The repurchase program is funded using the Company’s working capital and any repurchased shares are recorded as authorized but unissued shares. As of July 31, 2021, there was approximately $49.0 million available for repurchases under the repurchase program through June 30, 2022.

10. Stock-based Compensation

The following table presents the classification of stock-based compensation for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended July 31,				Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Stock-based compensation:
Cost of revenue	$	359	$	316	$	682	$	613
Research and development		11,525		10,010		22,719		19,906
Selling, general and administrative		7,488		6,068		14,813		11,911
Total stock-based compensation	$	19,372	$	16,394	$	38,214	$	32,430

During the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, approximately $1.7 million and $3.4 million of stock-based compensation expense was accrued in accrued and other current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, respectively. As of July 31, 2021, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $2.9 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.29 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units was $129.7 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.20 years.

The following table sets forth the weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options and employee stock purchase plan awards for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended July 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Stock Options:
Volatility		50	%		53	%		51	%		52	%
Risk-free interest rate		0.85	%		0.52	%		0.98	%		0.59	%
Expected term (years)	5.06			5.84			5.27			5.86
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%		0	%		0	%
Employee stock purchase plan awards:
Volatility		—			—			61	%		61	%
Risk-free interest rate		—			—			0.06	%		0.29	%
Expected term (years)		—			—		0.5			0.5
Dividend yield		—			—			0	%		0	%

The following table summarizes stock option activities for the period indicated:

	Option Outstanding
										Weighted-
								Total Intrinsic		Average
						Weighted-		Value Of		Remaining		Aggregate
				Weighted-		Average		Options		Contractual		Intrinsic
				Average		Grant-date		Exercised		Term		Value
	Shares			Exercise Price		Fair Value		(in thousands)		(in years)		(in thousands)
Outstanding at January 31, 2021		719,143		$	38.33
Granted		14,700			110.19	$	50.28
Exercised		(179,188	)		20.15			$	14,665
Forfeited		(5,076	)		56.35
Expired		(35	)		42.83
Outstanding at July 31, 2021		549,544			46.02					4.82		$	29,025
Exercisable at July 31, 2021		447,533		$	42.41						4.02	$	25,115

The intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable is calculated based on the difference between the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the reporting date and the exercise price. The closing price of the Company’s ordinary shares on July 31, 2021 was $98.49, as reported by The NASDAQ Global Market. The intrinsic value of exercised options is calculated based on the difference between the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the exercise date and the exercise price.

The following table summarizes restricted stock units activities for the period indicated:

				Weighted-
				Average
				Grant-Date
	Shares			Fair Value
Unvested at January 31, 2021		2,871,801		$	51.73
Granted		424,616			105.71
Vested		(835,225	)		51.04
Forfeited		(30,844	)		55.96
Unvested at July 31, 2021		2,430,348		$	61.35

As of July 31, 2021, the aggregate intrinsic value of unvested restricted stock units was $239.4 million.

11. Net Loss Per Ordinary Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per ordinary share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended July 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(7,156	)	$	(14,756	)	$	(17,974	)	$	(30,219	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average ordinary shares - basic		36,442,536			34,480,307			36,191,420			34,280,318
Weighted-average ordinary shares - diluted		36,442,536			34,480,307			36,191,420			34,280,318
Net loss per ordinary share:
Basic	$	(0.20	)	$	(0.43	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.88	)
Diluted	$	(0.20	)	$	(0.43	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.88	)

The following weighted-average potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per ordinary share as their effect would have been antidilutive:

	Three Months Ended July 31,				Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Options to purchase ordinary shares		367,880		730,635		397,871		751,202
Restricted stock units		1,528,946		1,274,907		1,657,599		1,358,184
Employee stock purchase plan		714		25,245		11,792		28,169
		1,897,540		2,030,787		2,067,262		2,137,555

12. Income Taxes

The following table provides details of income taxes for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended July 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
	(in thousands)
Loss before income taxes	$	(5,742	)	$	(14,009	)	$	(15,285	)	$	(28,346	)
Provision for income taxes		1,414			747			2,689			1,873
Effective tax rate	(24.6)%			(5.3)%			(17.6)%			(6.6)%

The Company recorded an income tax provision of $1.4 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, and $2.7 million and $1.9 million for the six months ended July 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due to an increase in the proportion of profits generated in higher tax jurisdictions, partially offset by an increase in the U.S. federal research tax credit as well as an increase in tax benefits from excess stock-based compensation deductions.

The Company files federal and state income tax returns in the United States and in various foreign jurisdictions. The Internal Revenue Service is currently examining the Company’s U.S. federal income tax return for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2017. The tax years 2013 to 2020 remain open to examination by U.S. federal tax authorities. The tax years 2009 to 2020 remain open to examination by U.S. state tax authorities. The tax years 2015 to 2020 remain open to examination by foreign tax authorities. Fiscal years outside of the normal statute of limitations remain open to audit by tax authorities due to tax attributes generated in those earlier years, which have been carried forward and may be audited in subsequent years when utilized.

The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from potential tax examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. These assessments can require considerable estimates and judgments. As of July 31, 2021, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits was approximately $27.9 million. If the estimates of income tax liabilities prove to be less than the ultimate assessment, then a further charge to expense could be required. If events occur, and the payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities could result in tax benefits being recognized in the period in which the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. The Company does not anticipate significant changes to its uncertain tax positions during the next twelve months.

13. Commitments and Contingencies

Contract Manufacturer Commitments

The Company’s components and products are procured and built by independent contract manufacturers based on sales forecasts. These forecasts include estimates of future demand, historical trends, analysis of sales and marketing activities, and adjustment of overall market conditions. The Company regularly issues purchase orders to independent contract manufacturers which are cancelable upon agreement between the Company and the third-party manufacturers. These manufacturing purchase commitments typically provide the Company with flexibility to cancel, reschedule or adjust requirements based upon business needs but the Company may incur certain costs depending on the production stage of the products. As of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, total manufacturing purchase commitments were approximately $72.3 million and $48.2 million, respectively. The Company also reviews and assesses the need for any expected loss liabilities on quarterly basis for all products that it does not expect to sell for which it has committed purchases from suppliers. As of July 31, 2021, there was no material loss recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheets from adverse purchase commitments.

Indemnification

The Company, from time to time, in the normal course of business, indemnifies certain vendors with whom it enters into contractual relationships. The Company has agreed to hold the other party harmless against third-party claims in connection with the Company’s future products. The Company also indemnifies certain customers against third-party claims related to certain intellectual property and product liability matters. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount of liability under these indemnification obligations due to the limited history of prior indemnification claims and the unique facts and circumstances that are likely to be involved in each particular claim. The Company has not made payments under these obligations, and no liabilities have been recorded for these obligations in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, respectively.

14. Segment Reporting

The Company operates in one reportable segment related to the development and sales of low-power, high-definition (HD), Ultra HD video compression, image processing and computer vision solutions. The Chief Executive Officer of the Company has been identified as the Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) and manages the Company’s operations as a whole. For the purpose of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources, the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied by information by customer and geographic region.

Geographic Revenue

The following table sets forth the Company’s revenue by geographic region based on bill-to location for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended July 31,				Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Taiwan	$	49,136	$	27,313	$	93,723	$	61,773
Asia Pacific		20,162		14,965		38,799		28,993
Europe		4,387		2,633		7,405		4,886
North America other than United States		4,443		3,343		7,133		6,016
United States		1,199		1,859		2,400		3,090
Total revenue	$	79,327	$	50,113	$	149,460	$	104,758

As of July 31, 2021, substantially all of the Company’s property and equipment, net, was located in the United States, Asia Pacific region and Europe with approximate net amounts of $2.8 million, $4.0 million and $1.5 million, respectively.

Major Customers

For the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, the customers representing 10% or more of revenue and accounts receivable were Wintech and Chicony, which accounted for approximately 61.6% and 15.8% of total revenue for the three months ended July 31, 2021, respectively, and accounted for approximately 62.4% and 15.8% of total revenue for the six months ended July 31, 2021, respectively. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2020, the customers representing 10% or more of revenue and accounts receivable were Wintech and Chicony, which accounted for approximately 55.6% and 19.6% of total revenue for the three months ended July 31, 2020, respectively, and accounted for approximately 59.5% and 17.4% of total revenue for the six months ended July 31, 2020, respectively. Accounts receivable with Wintech and Chicony were approximately $17.7 million and $12.6 million as of July 31, 2021, respectively.

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 and management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the 2021 fiscal year filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on March 31, 2021.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, includes a number of forward-looking statements that involve many risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are identified by the use of the words “would,” “could,” “will,” “may,” “expect,” “believe,” “should,” “anticipate,” “outlook,” “if,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “target,” “seek,” “project,” “forecast,” “continue” or “foreseeable” and similar words and phrases, including the negatives of these terms, or other variations of these terms, that denote future events. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning our market opportunity and our ability to compete in such markets, our product strategy, our ability to develop and introduce new solutions, our future financial and operating performance, our sales and marketing strategy, our investment strategy, research and development, our customer and supplier relationships and inventory levels, industry trends, our cash needs and capital requirements, our repurchase programs, our expectations about taxes and operating expenses, the availability of third-party components and economic and political conditions. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and our potential financial performance, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results and financial position to differ materially and adversely from what is projected or implied in any forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These factors include, but are not limited to: risks associated with revenue being generated from new customers or design wins, neither of which is assured; our ability to retain and expand customer relationships and to achieve design wins; the ongoing and potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations or the operations of our supply chain or our customers; risks associated with the overall economy, including escalating trade tensions between the U.S. and China; the commercial success of our customers’ products; our growth strategy; fluctuations in our operating results; our ability to anticipate future market demands and future needs and preferences of our customers; our ability to introduce new and enhanced solutions; the expansion of our current markets and our ability to successfully enter new markets; anticipated trends and challenges, including competition, in the markets in which we operate or seek to operate; our expectations regarding computer vision; our ability to effectively generate and manage growth; our ability to retain key employees; the potential for intellectual property disputes or other litigation; the risks described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and those discussed in other documents we file with the SEC. We make these forward-looking statements based upon information available on the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and we have no obligation (and expressly disclaim any such obligation) to update or alter any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information or otherwise except as otherwise required by securities regulations.

Overview

We are a leading developer of low-power system-on-a-chip, or SoC, semiconductors providing powerful artificial intelligence, or AI, processing, advanced image signal processing and high-resolution video compression. Since inception, we have primarily served human viewing applications with video and image processors for enterprise, public infrastructure and home applications, such as internet protocol, or IP, security cameras, sports cameras, wearables, aerial drones, and aftermarket automotive video recorders. In the last several years, our development efforts have focused on creating advanced AI technology that enables edge devices to visually perceive the environment and make decisions based on the data collected from cameras and, most recently, other types of sensors. This category of AI technology is known as computer vision, or CV, and our CV SoCs integrate our state-of-the-art video processor technology together with our recently developed deep learning neural network processing technology, which we refer to as CVflow™. The CVflow-architecture supports a variety of CV algorithms, including object detection, classification and tracking, semantic and instance segmentation, image processing, stereo object detection, terrain mapping, and face recognition. CVflow can process other sensor modalities including lidar and radar, and allows customers to differentiate their products by porting their own, or third party, neural networks and/or classical CV algorithms to our CVflow-based SoCs. Our SoC designs fully integrate AI, computer vision functionality, HD video processing, image processing, audio processing, and system functions onto a single chip, delivering exceptional video and image quality at high compression rates, differentiated functionality and low power consumption. These CV-based technologies are allowing us to address a broader range of markets and applications requiring AI video features, including IP security cameras, a variety of automotive cameras, consumer cameras, and industrial and robotic markets and applications. We anticipate that our CV technology will also enable us to capture more content per electronic system.

Our development efforts are focused on SoCs that provide both human viewing and computer vision functionality. As a result, we believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will significantly depend upon our ability to expand within camera markets with our AI and computer vision technology, particularly in the professional IP security and home security and monitoring camera markets, as well as emerging markets such as AI-enabled security cameras, AI-based driving applications, including driver monitoring systems, advanced blind spot detection, object detection, and deep learning algorithms for HD mapping solutions, OEM automotive advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, applications, and industrial and robotics markets. We expect our research and development expenditures to increase in comparison to prior periods as we devote additional resources to the development of innovative video and image processing solutions with increased functionality, such as AI and CV capabilities, and as we target new markets.

We sell our SoC solutions to leading original design manufacturers, or ODMs, and OEMs globally, and in the automotive market, we also sell to Tier-1 suppliers. We refer to ODMs and Tier-1 automotive suppliers as our customers and OEMs as our end customers, except as otherwise indicated or as the context otherwise requires.

Our sales cycles typically require a significant investment of time and a substantial expenditure of resources before we can realize revenue from the sale of our solutions, if any. Our typical sales cycle consists of a multi-month sales and development process involving our customers’ system designers and management and our sales personnel and software engineers. If successful, this process culminates in a customer’s decision to use our solutions in its system, which we refer to as a design win. Our sales efforts are typically directed to the OEM of the product that will incorporate our video and image processing solution, but the eventual design and incorporation of our SoC into the product may be handled by an ODM or Tier-1 supplier on behalf of the OEM.

Volume production may begin within 9 to 18 months after a design win, depending on the complexity of our customer’s product and other factors upon which we may have little or no influence. In general, design cycles will be longer in the OEM automotive and industrial and robotics markets than in the IP security and consumer device markets. Once our solutions have been incorporated into a customer’s design, they are likely to be used for the life cycle of the customer’s product. Conversely, a design loss to a competitor will likely preclude any opportunity for future revenue from such customer’s product. Even if we obtain a design win and our SoC remains a component through the life cycle of a customer’s product, the volume and timing of actual sales of our SoCs to the customer depend upon the production, release and market acceptance of that product, none of which are within our control. A portable consumer device typically has a product life cycle of 6 to 18 months, while an IP security camera typically has a product life cycle of 12 to 24 months. We anticipate that product lifecycles will typically be longer than 24 months in the OEM automotive and industrial and robotics markets, as new product introductions occur less frequently in these markets.

Financial Highlights and Trends

•

We recorded revenue of $79.3 million and $149.5 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, respectively. This represented increases of 58.3% and 42.7% for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, respectively, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year. The increases in revenue were primarily attributable to higher revenue and continued demand for our CV-based solutions in the IP security and automotive camera markets. In the professional IP security camera market, continued growth in the Asia region and demand recovery from our two largest China customers, together with continued sales penetration into the North America and Europe regions, resulted in a significant revenue increase in this market. In the home IP security camera market, revenue growth continued to be led by the North America region. A recovery in the automotive OEM and aftermarket applications in the Asia region, as well as the adoption of our SoCs in the automotive fleet market, contributed an increase in revenue in the automotive markets. The increased revenues from the IP security and automotive camera markets were partially offset by decreased revenue in the consumer aerial drone market.

•

We recorded operating losses of $6.0 million and $16.1 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, respectively, as compared to operating losses of $15.3 million and $30.9 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2020, respectively. The decreased operating losses were primarily due to increases in revenue and gross profit, partially offset by increased operating expenses. The increased operating expenses, mainly in support of development of automotive markets and computer vision-based solutions, related primarily to increased marketing and engineering headcount, increased stock-based compensation expenses, as well as increased engineering related costs.

•

We generated cash flows from operating activities of $9.9 million for the six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to $5.2 million for the six months ended July 31, 2020. The increased cash flows from operating activities were primarily due to decreased net loss and increased liabilities associated with the timing of payments to our suppliers, partially offset by increased inventory purchases associated with longer supply chain lead times and increased accounts receivable associated with the amount and timing of sales.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Spread of COVID-19 Could Adversely Affect our Business in a Material Way. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant governmental measures being implemented to control the spread of the virus, including, among others, restrictions on travel and the imposition of remote or work from home conditions in many of the locations where we have offices. While we have not yet experienced a significant disruption of our operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, if the remote or work from home conditions in any of our offices continues for an extended period of time, we may experience delays in product development, a decreased ability to support our customers, reduced design win activity, and overall lack of productivity. Similarly, while we have not yet experienced a major disruption in our supply chain as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are experiencing significantly longer manufacturing times that, if they persist or worsen, could impact our ability to meet our customers’ demand for our solutions and negatively impact our revenue. As a result of these factors we have increased our inventory levels in the near term. Moreover, if there is a significant COVID-19 outbreak that impacts Samsung Electronic Corporation’s ability to manufacture our SoCs or our third-party contractors’ ability to assemble, test and ship our products, we could experience delays or reductions in our ability to ship products to our customers. For example, Taiwan recently experienced a significant rise in cases of COVID-19 that, if such conditions persist or worsen, could impact our third-party contractors’ ability to assemble, test and ship our products and negatively impair our operations and financial results. The pandemic may also impact our customers’ ability to manufacture their products, support their customers or reduce or delay demand for their products, which could, in turn, reduce such demand for our solutions. While we cannot quantify specific impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic or actions taken by governments and businesses in response thereto, our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected if we encounter significant supply chain problems, reductions in demand due to our customers or end customers having problems, or other unexpected COVID-19 ramifications.

Ability to Capitalize on AI and Computer Vision Trends. We expect that AI and computer vision functionality will become an increasingly important requirement in many of our current and future markets, including IP security, automotive, industrial and robotics, and certain consumer markets. As a result, we believe that our ability to develop advanced AI computer vision technology, enable and support customer product development in emerging applications, such as ADAS, advanced blind spot detection, object detection, classification and tracking, people recognition, retail analytics, and machine learning, and gain customer acceptance of our technology platform and solutions will be critical to our future success. Moreover, achieving design wins, particularly for computer vision-centric applications in the IP security, automotive, industrial and robotics markets, is vital to our ability to generate revenue growth. As such, we closely monitor design wins by customer and end market. However, a design win may not successfully materialize into revenue, and even if it does result in revenue, the amount generated by each design win can vary significantly.

Ability to Develop and Introduce New or Enhanced Solutions. We operate in a dynamic environment characterized by rapidly changing technologies and technological obsolescence. To compete successfully, we must design, develop, market and sell enhanced solutions with increased levels of performance and functionality that meet the expectations of our customers. As such, we continuously invest in our research and development projects, especially AI and computer vision technologies. However, failure to anticipate or timely develop new or enhanced solutions in response to technology shifts and trends could result in decreased revenue and our competitors achieving design wins we sought. Moreover, any reliability or quality problems with our solutions could harm our reputation, increase additional development and replacement costs, and prevent us from retaining existing customers and attracting new customers.

Pricing, Product Cost and Margin. Our pricing and margins depend on the volumes and features of the solutions we provide to our customers. Additionally, we make significant investments in new solutions for both cost improvements and new features that we expect to drive revenue and maintain margins. In general, solutions incorporated into more complex configurations, such as those used in high-performance camera applications or, in the future, advanced driver assistance systems, have higher prices and higher gross margins as compared to solutions sold into lower-performing, more competitive camera applications. Our average selling price can vary by market and application due to market-specific supply and demand, the maturation of products launched in previous years and the launch of new products by us or our competitors.

We continually monitor the cost of our solutions. As we rely on third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our products, we maintain a close relationship with these suppliers to continually monitor production yields, component costs and design efficiencies.

Shifting Consumer Preferences. Our revenue is also subject to consumer preferences, regarding form factor and functionality, and how those preferences impact the video and image capture electronics that we support. For example, improved smartphone video capture capabilities led to the decline of video cameras aimed at the video and image capture market. The current video and image capture market is now characterized by a greater volume of more specialized video and image capture devices that are less likely to be replaced with smartphones, such as wearable, IP security, aerial drone and automotive cameras. This increasing specialization of video capture devices has changed our customer base and end markets and has impacted our revenue. In the future, we expect further changes will continue to impact our business performance in those markets.

Continued Concentration of Revenue by End Market. Historically, our revenue has been significantly concentrated in a small number of end markets and we developed technologies to provide solutions for new markets as they emerged, such as the sports camera, IP security, aerial drone and automotive video recorder camera markets. Since fiscal year 2018, the professional and consumer IP security camera markets and automotive markets, including the OEM and aftermarket video recorder market, have been our largest end markets and sales into these markets collectively generated the majority of our revenue. We believe, however, that continued expansion into new markets is required to facilitate revenue growth and customer diversification. We have recently introduced solutions to address emerging applications and markets, such as the incorporation of AI and computer vision functionalities for AI-enabled security cameras, AI-based driving applications and industrial and robotics markets. While we will continue to seek to expand our end market exposure, we anticipate that sales to a limited number of end markets will continue to account for a significant percentage of our total revenue for the foreseeable future. Our end market concentration may cause our financial performance to fluctuate significantly from period to period based on the success or failure of products that our SoCs are designed into as well as the overall growth or decline in the video capture markets in which we compete. In addition, we derive a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of ODMs who build products on behalf of a limited number of OEMs and from a limited number of OEMs to whom we ship directly. We believe that our operating results for the foreseeable future will continue to depend on sales to a relatively small number of customers.

Ability to Capitalize on Connectivity Trends. Mobile connected devices are ubiquitous today and play an increasingly prominent role in consumers’ lives. The constant connectivity provided by these devices has created a demand for connected electronic peripherals such as video and image capture devices. Our ability to capitalize on these trends by supporting our end customers in the development of connected peripherals that seamlessly cooperate with other connected devices and allow consumers to distribute and share video and images with online media platforms is critical for our success. We have added wireless communication functionality into our solutions for wearable, IP security, aerial drone and automotive video recorder cameras. The combination of our compression technology with wireless connectivity enables wireless video streaming and uploading of videos and images to the Internet. Our solutions enable IP security camera systems to stream video content to either cloud infrastructure or connected mobile devices, and our solutions for wearable and aerial drone cameras allow consumers to quickly stream or upload video and images to social media platforms.

Sales Volume. A typical design win that successfully launches into the marketplace can generate a wide range of sales volumes for our solutions, depending on the end market demand for our customers’ products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand can be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the reputation of the end customer, market penetration, product capabilities, size of the end market that the product addresses, our end customers’ ability to sell their products, miscalculations by our customers of their inventory requirements, changes in market conditions, adverse changes in our product order mix and fluctuating demand for our customers’ products. In certain cases, we may provide volume discounts on sales of our solutions, which may be offset by lower manufacturing costs related to higher volumes. In general, our customers with greater market penetration and better branding tend to develop products that generate larger volumes over the product life cycle.

Customer Product Life Cycle. We estimate our customers’ product life cycles based on the customer, type of product and end market. We typically commence commercial shipments from 9 to 18 months following a design win; however, in some markets, lengthier product and development cycles are possible, depending on the scope and nature of the project, such as in the automotive OEM market. A portable consumer device typically has a product life cycle of 6 to 18 months, and an IP security camera typically has a product life cycle of 12 to 24 months. We anticipate that product development and product life cycles will typically be longer than 24 months in the OEM automotive, Tier-1 automotive suppliers and robotics markets, as new product introductions typically occur less frequently in these markets.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our statement of operations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended July 31,						Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	79,327		$	50,113		$	149,460		$	104,758
Cost of revenue		29,908			19,155			56,276			41,780
Gross profit		49,419			30,958			93,184			62,978
Operating expenses:
Research and development		39,558			32,802			77,432			67,002
Selling, general and administrative		15,821			13,445			31,848			26,880
Total operating expenses		55,379			46,247			109,280			93,882
Loss from operations		(5,960	)		(15,289	)		(16,096	)		(30,904	)
Other income, net		218			1,280			811			2,558
Loss before income taxes		(5,742	)		(14,009	)		(15,285	)		(28,346	)
Provision for income taxes		1,414			747			2,689			1,873
Net loss	$	(7,156	)	$	(14,756	)	$	(17,974	)	$	(30,219	)

The following table sets forth operating results as a percentage of revenue of each line item for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended July 31,								Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021				2020				2021				2020
Revenue	100			%	100			%	100			%	100			%
Cost of revenue		38				38				38				40
Gross profit		62				62				62				60
Operating expenses:
Research and development		50				65				52				64
Selling, general and administrative		20				27				21				26
Total operating expenses		70				92				73				90
Loss from operations		(8	)			(30	)			(11	)			(30	)
Other income, net		—				3				1				2
Loss before income taxes		(8	)			(27	)			(10	)			(28	)
Provision for income taxes		1				2				2				1
Net loss		(9	)	%		(29	)	%		(12	)	%		(29	)	%

Revenue

We derive substantially all of our revenue from the sale of HD and Ultra HD video and image processing SoC solutions to IP security camera OEMs, IP security camera ODMs, OEM automotive or Tier-1 automotive suppliers, and consumer camera OEMs, either directly or through our distributors. In recent years, our SoC solutions have been primarily used in camera markets, such as IP security, automotive video recorder, drone and wearable cameras. Although we expect these camera markets, in particular the IP security and automotive video recorder markets, to continue to generate revenue for the foreseeable future, we have recently introduced new SoCs targeting emerging AI and computer vision applications in the IP security camera, OEM automotive, industrial and robotics markets. We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from sales made indirectly through one of our distributors, WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd., formerly Wintech Microelectronics Co., Ltd., or Wintech, and directly to one of our ODM customers, Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., or Chicony.

We have historically experienced seasonal fluctuations in our quarterly revenue with our third fiscal quarter normally being the higher revenue quarter. As we transition away from consumer markets, seasonal impact has decreased. This fluctuation has been driven primarily by increased sales in IP security and consumer camera markets as our customers build inventories in preparation for the holiday shopping season. Our average selling prices fluctuate based on the mix of our solutions sold in a period which reflects the impact of both changes in unit sales of existing solutions as well as the introduction and sales of new solutions. Our solutions are typically characterized by a life cycle that begins with higher average selling prices and lower volumes, followed by broader market adoption, higher volumes and average selling prices that are lower than initial levels.

The end markets into which we sell our products have seen significant changes as consumer preferences have evolved in response to new technologies. As a result, the composition and timing of our revenue may differ meaningfully during periods of technology or consumer preference changes. We expect shifts in consumer use of video capture to continue to change over time, as AI and computer vision specialized use cases emerge and video capture continues to proliferate.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue includes the cost of materials such as wafers processed by third-party foundries, costs associated with packaging, assembly and testing, and our manufacturing support operations such as logistics, planning and quality assurance. Cost of revenue also includes indirect costs such as warranty, inventory valuation reserves and other general overhead costs.

We expect that our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period as a result of changes in customer mix, average selling price, product mix and the introduction of new products by us or our competitors. In general, solutions incorporated into more complex configurations, such as those used in high-performance cameras, and in future advanced automotive OEM applications, have had or are expected to have higher prices and higher gross margins, as compared to solutions sold into the lower-performance, more competitive camera applications. As semiconductor products mature and unit volumes sold to customers increase, their average selling prices typically decline. These declines may be paired with improvements in manufacturing yields and lower wafer, packaging and test costs, which offset some of the margin reduction that could result from lower selling prices.

Research and Development

Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation and employee benefits. The expense also includes costs of development incurred in connection with our collaborations with our foundry vendors, costs of licensing intellectual property from third parties for product development, costs of development for software and hardware tools, cost of fabrication of mask sets for prototype products, equipment expenses, outside services and allocated depreciation and facility expenses, net of any research and development grants. All research and development costs are expensed as incurred. We expect our research and development expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to enhance and expand our product features and offerings and increase headcount for new SoC development and development of computer vision technology, especially for the OEM automotive market.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation and employee benefits for our sales, marketing, finance, human resources, information technology and administrative personnel. The expense also includes professional service costs related to accounting, tax, legal services, and allocated depreciation and facility expenses. We expect our selling, general and administrative expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to maintain the infrastructure and expand the size of our sales and marketing organization to support our business strategy of addressing new opportunities with our computer vision technology.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net, consists primarily of interest and other income from debt security investments and cash deposits with financial institutions.

Provision for Income Taxes

We are incorporated and domiciled in the Cayman Islands and also conduct business in several countries such as the United States, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Italy, Germany, South Korea and Japan, and we are subject to taxation in those jurisdictions. Our worldwide operating income is subject to varying tax rates, and our effective tax rate is highly dependent upon the geographic distribution of our earnings or losses and the tax laws and regulations in each geographical region. It is also subject to fluctuation from changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; tax benefits from excess stock-based compensation deductions; transfer pricing adjustments and the tax effects of nondeductible compensation. We have historically had lower effective tax rates as a substantial percentage of our operations are conducted in lower-tax jurisdictions. If our operational structure was to change in such a manner that would increase the amount of operating income subject to taxation in higher-tax jurisdictions, or if we were to commence operations in jurisdictions assessing relatively higher tax rates, our effective tax rate could fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis and/or be adversely affected.

Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. Although we believe our reserves are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different from that which is reflected in our historical provision for income taxes and accruals. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of uncertain tax position reserves and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties.

Significant judgment is also required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. In the event that we change our determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended July 31, 2021 and 2020

Revenue

	Three Months Ended July 31,				Change					Six Months Ended July 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		%			2021		2020		Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	79,327	$	50,113	$	29,214		58.3	%	$	149,460	$	104,758	$	44,702		42.7	%

The increased revenue for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year, was primarily attributable to higher revenue and continued demand for our CV-based solutions in the IP security and automotive camera markets. In the professional IP security camera market, continued growth in the Asia region and demand recovery from our two largest China customers, together with continued sales penetration into the North America and Europe regions, resulted in a significant revenue increase in this market. In the home IP security camera market, revenue growth continued to be led by the North America region. A recovery in the automotive OEM and aftermarket applications in the Asia region, as well as the adoption of our SoCs in the automotive fleet market, contributed an increase in revenue in the automotive markets. The increased revenues from the IP security and automotive camera markets were partially offset by decreased revenue in the consumer aerial drone market.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

	Three Months Ended July 31,						Change					Six Months Ended July 31,						Change
	2021			2020			Amount		%			2021			2020			Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	29,908		$	19,155		$	10,753		56.1	%	$	56,276		$	41,780		$	14,496		34.7	%
Gross profit		49,419			30,958			18,461		59.6	%		93,184			62,978			30,206		48.0	%
Gross margin		62.3	%		61.8	%		—		0.5	%		62.3	%		60.1	%		—		2.2	%

Cost of revenue increased for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year, primarily due to increased revenue, partially offset by favorable product mix and sales from previously reserved inventory.

Gross margin increased for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year, primarily due to an increase in the percentage of our total revenue that was derived from the higher gross margin automotive markets. Customer concentration shift from the China region to the North America and Asia regions other than China in the professional IP security camera market also contributed an improvement to the gross margin for the six months ended July 31, 2021.

Research and Development

	Three Months Ended July 31,				Change					Six Months Ended July 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		%			2021		2020		Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Research and development	$	39,558	$	32,802	$	6,756		20.6	%	$	77,432	$	67,002	$	10,430		15.6	%

Research and development expense increased for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year, primarily due to increased employee benefit expense and engineering related costs. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, employee benefit expense increased by approximately $4.3 million and $8.1 million, respectively, as a result of issuance of stock awards, employee benefit programs and an increase in headcount. Our engineering headcount was 620 at July 31, 2021 compared to 561 at July 31, 2020. Engineering related costs, including license fee, equipment expense, outside services and facility related expenses associated with the support of new applications, increased by approximately $2.1 million and $3.1 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, respectively. SoC development related costs increased by approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended July 31, 2021 while decreased by approximately $0.9 million for the six months ended July 31, 2021 due to the timing, complexity and number of chips in development.

Selling, General and Administrative

	Three Months Ended July 31,				Change					Six Months Ended July 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		%			2021		2020		Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Selling, general and administrative	$	15,821	$	13,445	$	2,376		17.7	%	$	31,848	$	26,880	$	4,968		18.5	%

Selling, general and administrative expense increased for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year, primarily due to increased employee benefit expense. For the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, employee benefit expense increased by approximately $3.4 million and $6.0 million, respectively, as a result of issuance of stock awards, employee benefit programs and an increase in headcount. Our selling, general and administrative headcount increased from 176 at July 31, 2020 to 189 at July 31, 2021 in support of business development in the IP security, automotive OEM and robotics markets. The increase was partially offset by a reduction in facility related expenses of approximately $0.8 million and $1.1 million for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, respectively, caused by additional facility allocation to engineering in support of new applications for the automotive markets as well as the development of computer vision-based solutions.

Other Income, Net

	Three Months Ended July 31,				Change						Six Months Ended July 31,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount			%			2021		2020		Amount			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Other income, net	$	218	$	1,280	$	(1,062	)		(83.0	)%	$	811	$	2,558	$	(1,747	)		(68.3	)%

The decrease in other income, net, for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year, was primarily due to lower yields from our debt security investments, lower interest from our cash deposits and losses from foreign currency transactions and remeasurements.

Provision for Income Taxes

	Three Months Ended July 31,						Change				Six Months Ended July 31,						Change
	2021			2020			Amount		%		2021			2020			Amount		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Provision for income taxes	$	1,414		$	747		$	667	89.3	%	$	2,689		$	1,873		$	816	43.6	%
Effective tax rate	(24.6)		%	(5.3)		%	—		(19.3)	%	(17.6)		%	(6.6)		%	—		(11.0)	%

The quarterly income taxes reflect an estimate of the corresponding fiscal year’s annual effective tax rate and include, when applicable, adjustments from discrete tax items arising in that quarter.

The increase in income tax expense for the three and six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same periods in the prior fiscal year, was primarily due to an increase in the proportion of profits generated in higher-tax jurisdictions, partially offset by an increase in the U.S. federal research tax credit as well as an increase in tax benefits from excess stock-based compensation deductions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities of approximately $449.2 million and $440.7 million, respectively. We invest in highly liquid, short-term marketable debt securities and hold these investments as available-for-sale securities. As of July 31, 2021, these securities had a fair value of approximately $215.0 million with immaterial unrealized losses caused by market fluctuations.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended July 31,
	2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	9,890	$	5,222
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		2,911		(16,555	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		4,327		578
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	17,128	$	(10,755	)

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities increased for the six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year, primarily due to decreased net loss and increased liabilities associated with the timing of payments to our suppliers, partially offset by increased inventory purchases associated with longer supply chain lead times and increased accounts receivable associated with the amount and timing of sales.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities increased for the six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to net cash used in investing activities for the same period in the prior fiscal year, primarily due to approximately $22.6 million of additional cash receipts from our debt security investments, partially offset by approximately $3.1 million of additional payments for tangible and intangible assets purchase.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities increased for the six months ended July 31, 2021, as compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year, primarily due to approximately $3.3 million of additional cash proceeds from option exercises and employee stock purchase withholding and $1.0 million of cash used for repurchasing our ordinary shares under the stock repurchase program in the prior fiscal year that did not recur in the current fiscal period. The increase was partially offset by approximately $0.5 million of additional payments for intangible assets.

Stock Repurchase Program

No ordinary shares were repurchased in the six months ended July 31, 2021. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2022, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the prior $50.0 million repurchase program for an additional twelve months ending June 30, 2022. As of July 31, 2021, $49.0 million remained available for repurchases under the current repurchase program through June 30, 2022. Repurchases under the program may be made from time-to-time through open market purchases, 10b5-1 plans or privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of ordinary shares, and it may be suspended at any time at the company's discretion. Repurchases are funded using working capital and any repurchased shares are recorded as authorized but unissued shares.

Operating and Capital Expenditure Requirements

As of July 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities of approximately $449.2 million. We believe that our existing cash balances will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements through at least the next 12 months. In the future, we expect our operating and capital expenditures to increase as we increase headcount, expand our business activities, and implement and enhance our information technology platforms. As we expand our operations, we may require more working capital. If our available cash balances are insufficient to satisfy our future liquidity requirements, we may seek to sell equity or convertible debt securities or borrow funds commercially. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our shareholders, and those securities may have rights senior to those of our ordinary shares. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of convertible debt securities or borrowing funds commercially, we may become subject to covenants that would restrict our operations. We may require additional capital beyond our currently anticipated amounts. Additional capital may not be available to us on reasonable terms, or at all.

Our short- term and long-term capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the following:

•

our ability to generate cash from operations;

•

our ability to control our costs;

•

the expansion of our research and development of new technologies and products to address new markets and applications;

•

the magnitude and duration of COVID-19 impact;

•

the emergence of competing or complementary technologies or products;

•

the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights or participating in litigation-related activities; and

•

our acquisition of complementary businesses, products and technologies.

Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies

Manufacturing Purchase Obligations

As of July 31, 2021, we had purchase obligations with our independent contract manufacturers of $72.3 million.

Leases

During the first half of fiscal year 2022, we signed a separate lease for additional space for our Shanghai, China office for a period of 40 months starting from August 1, 2021 through November 30, 2024. The lease will be recorded as an operating right-of-use asset and corresponding operating lease liability in the balance sheet upon lease commencement on August 1, 2021. The total estimated future undiscounted cash payments for this additional lease are approximately $1.7 million.

Except as described above with respect to the manufacturing purchase obligations and Shanghai office lease, there were no other material changes in our contractual obligations, commitments and contingencies from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021. Please see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2021 for a description of our contractual obligations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of July 31, 2021, we did not engage in any off-balance sheet arrangements, including the use of structured finance, special purpose entities or variable interest entities.

Recent Authoritative Accounting Guidance

See Note 1 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the 2021 fiscal year filed with the SEC on March 31, 2021.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

As of July 31, 2021 and January 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities totaling $449.2 million and $440.7 million, respectively. Our cash is deposited in checking accounts with reputable financial institutions. The cash equivalents and marketable debt securities consist primarily of investments in money market funds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper, U.S. government securities, and debt securities of corporations. Our cash is held for working capital purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes.

Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk

The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve capital, provide liquidity and maximize income without significantly increasing risk. Some of the securities we invest in are subject to market risk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may affect the interest income on our cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities, and the market value of those securities. To minimize this risk, we maintain our portfolio in a variety of debt securities with high liquidity and low credit risk. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. A 10% change in interest rates will not have a material impact on our future interest income or investment fair value. The liquidity risk and the risk associated with fluctuating interest rates are limited to our investment portfolio.

Foreign Currency Risk

To date, all of our product sales and inventory purchases have been denominated in U.S. dollars. We therefore have not had any foreign currency risk associated with these two activities. The functional currency of all of our entities is the U.S. dollar. Our operations outside of the United States incur operating expenses and hold assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, principally the New Taiwan Dollar, the Chinese Yuan Renminbi and the Eurozone Euro. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As we grow our operations, our exposure to foreign currency risk could become more significant. To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency exchange contracts and currently do not expect to enter into foreign currency exchange contracts for trading or speculative purposes.

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The term “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d- 15(e)) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based upon such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of July 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations of Disclosure Controls and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Because of their inherent limitations, our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent material errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to risks, including that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with our policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

We are not engaged in any material legal proceedings at this time.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to other information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business and our industry is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in the following Risk Factors. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•

The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our business in a material way.

•

Our ability to sell our products to several China customers has been restricted. In addition, we are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets, including China.

•

Global economic and political conditions, including possible trade tariffs and trade restrictions, may have an impact on our business and financial condition in ways that we currently cannot predict. Our primary inventory warehouse is located in Hong Kong and may be affected by recent political, social and economic conditions in Hong Kong.

•

Shortages in, or increased costs of, wafers and materials could increase the manufacturing times for our products and adversely impact our ability to meet customer demand, reduce our gross margins and lead to reduced revenues.

•

We do not have long-term supply contracts with our third-party manufacturing vendors, and they may not allocate sufficient capacity to us at reasonable prices to meet future demands for our solutions.

•

We outsource our wafer fabrication, assembly and testing operations to third parties, and if these parties fail to produce and deliver our products according to requested demands in specification, quantity, cost and time, our reputation, customer relationships and operating results could suffer.

•

If our customers do not design our solutions into their product offerings, or if our customers’ product offerings are not commercially successful, our business would suffer.

•

If we fail to penetrate new markets, our revenue and financial condition could be harmed.

•

Our target markets may not grow or develop as we currently expect and are subject to market risks, any of which could harm our business, revenue and operating results.

•

If we fail to develop and introduce new or enhanced solutions on a timely basis, our ability to attract and retain customers could be impaired and our competitive position could be harmed.

•

Achieving design wins is subject to lengthy competitive selection processes that require us to incur significant costs. Even if we begin a product design, a customer may decide to cancel or change its product plans, resulting in no revenue from such expenditures.

•

Our customers may cancel their orders, change production quantities or delay production. If we fail to accurately forecast demand for our solutions, revenue shortfalls and/or excess, obsolete or insufficient inventory could result.

•

We depend on a limited number of customers and end customers for a significant portion of our revenue. If we fail to retain or expand our customer relationships, our revenue could decline.

•

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets.

•

We expect competition to increase in the future, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue and market share.

•

Fluctuations in our operating results on a quarterly and annual basis could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline.

•

A breach of our security systems may have a material adverse effect on our business.

•

We rely on highly skilled personnel and, if we are unable to hire, retain or motivate key personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively. Similarly, the loss of any of our key personnel could seriously harm our business.

•

While we intend to continue to invest in research and development, we may be unable to make the substantial investments that are required to remain competitive in our business.

•

The average selling prices of video and image processing solutions in our target markets have historically decreased over time and will likely do so in the future, which could harm our revenue and gross margins.

•

If we do not generate revenue growth, we may not be able to execute our business plan and our operating results could suffer.

•

We are subject to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry. We may have difficulty accurately predicting our future revenue and appropriately budgeting our expenses.

•

The complexity of our solutions could result in unforeseen delays or expenses from undetected defects, errors or bugs in hardware or software which could reduce the market adoption of our new solutions, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers and adversely affect our operating costs.

•

We are subject to warranty and product liability claims and to product recalls which could adversely affect our business.

•

A substantial portion of our revenue is processed through a single distributor and the loss of this distributor, or our inability to collect from them, may cause disruptions in our shipments, which may adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

•

We are subject to risks associated with our distributors' product inventories.

•

Deterioration of the financial conditions of our customers could adversely affect our operating results.

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Camera manufacturers incorporate components supplied by multiple third parties, and a supply shortage or delay in delivery of these components could delay orders for our solutions by our customers.

•

We may experience difficulties in transitioning to new wafer fabrication process technologies or in achieving higher levels of design integration, which may result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased costs.

•

Third parties’ assertions of infringement of their intellectual property rights could result in our having to incur significant costs and cause our operating results to suffer. Any potential dispute involving our patents or other intellectual property could affect our customers, which could trigger our indemnification obligations to them and result in substantial expense to us.

•

Some of our operations and a significant portion of our customers and our subcontractors are located outside of the United States, which subjects us to additional risks, including increased complexity and costs of managing international operations and geopolitical instability.

•

Unfavorable tax law changes, an unfavorable governmental review of our tax returns, changes in our geographical earnings mix or imposition of withholding taxes on repatriated earnings could adversely affect our effective tax rate and our operating results.

•

We are subject to numerous regulatory compliance requirements, which are costly to comply with, and our failure to comply with these requirements could harm our business and operating results.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry

The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our business in a material way.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the populations and businesses of many countries. Our business has been, and is expected to continue to be, adversely impacted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to global macroeconomic effects, the COVID-19 pandemic and related adverse public health developments have been causing, and are expected to continue to cause, disruption to our operations. We have had to impose remote or work from home conditions in many of our offices, including the United States, Italy, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. While we have not yet experienced a significant disruption of our operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, if the remote or work from home conditions continue for an extended period of time, we may experience delays in product development, a decreased ability to support our customers, reduced design win activity, and overall lack of productivity. In addition, we and our suppliers, third-party distributors and customers have been, and are expected to continue to be, disrupted by quarantines and restrictions on certain employees’ ability to perform their jobs, office closures or restrictions, disruptions to shipping infrastructure, or other travel or health-related restrictions. Depending on the magnitude of such effects on our manufacturing activities or the operations of our suppliers, third-party distributors or sub-contractors, our supply chain, manufacturing and product shipments could be delayed, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Disruptions may also adversely affect our customers’ ability to manufacture their products, which in turn could reduce their demand for our products. For example, Taiwan recently experienced a significant rise in cases of COVID-19 that, if such conditions persist or worsen, could impact our third-party contractors’ ability to assemble, test and ship our products and negatively impair our operations and financial results. The semiconductor industry in general is currently experiencing significant shortages of capacity, due in part to COVID-19, which has resulted in a lengthening of the manufacturing lead time for our products and could be impacting the normal forecasting and ordering patterns of our customers. Moreover, if there is a significant COVID-19 outbreak that impacts Samsung Electronic Corporation’s ability to manufacture our SoCs or our third-party contractors’ ability to assemble, test and ship our products, we could experience delays or reductions in our ability to ship products to our customers. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic or other disease outbreaks will, in the short-term, and could over the longer term, adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn or recession that could adversely affect demand for our products and impact our results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that any decrease in sales resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic will be offset by increased sales in subsequent periods. These effects, alone or taken together, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, legal exposure, or financial condition. The extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration, spread and intensity of the pandemic, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict. Due to the constantly evolving global conditions, we are not able at this time to estimate the long-term effect of these factors on our business, but the adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be material.

If our customers do not design our solutions into their product offerings, or if our customers’ product offerings are not commercially successful, our business would suffer.

We sell our video and image processing system-on-a-chip, or SoC, solutions to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, who include our SoCs in their products, and to original design manufacturers, or ODMs, who include our SoCs in the products that they supply to OEMs. We generally refer to ODMs as our customers and OEMs as our end customers, except as otherwise indicated or as the context otherwise requires. Our computer vision, video and image processing SoCs are generally incorporated into our customers’ products at the design stage, which is referred to as a design win. As a result, we rely on OEMs to design our solutions into the products that they design and sell. Without these design wins, our business would be significantly harmed. We often incur significant expenditures developing a new SoC solution without any assurance that any OEM will select our solution for design into its own product. Once an OEM designs a competitor’s device into its product, it becomes significantly more difficult for us to sell our SoC solutions to that OEM because changing suppliers involves significant cost, time, effort and risk for the OEM. We anticipate that it will take longer and require more resources and greater expenditures to achieve design wins, and likely take longer to generate revenue from such design wins in the new markets we are targeting, such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets, than our legacy camera markets. In addition, trade tensions between the United States and China and potential new export restrictions, as discussed in subsequent risk factors, may make it more difficult to secure future design wins with China customers.

Even if an OEM designs one of our SoC solutions into its product, we cannot be assured that the OEM’s product will be commercially successful over time or at all. For example, in the past we have secured design wins for camera products that were never commercially released by our customer or did not sell in volumes initially forecast by the customer, as a result of factors beyond our control. If other products or other product categories incorporating our SoC solutions are not commercially successful or experience rapid decline, our revenue and business will suffer. Similarly, if an OEM designs one of our SoC solutions into its product, we are not assured that we will receive or continue to receive new design wins from that OEM, which could negatively impact our business.

If we fail to penetrate new markets, our revenue and financial condition could be harmed.

Years ago, a substantial portion of our revenue was generated from sales of our SoCs to OEMs and ODMs of HD video cameras, including IP security cameras, wearable cameras and drones. Our revenue from several of these markets, however, has experienced significant declines. As a result, we believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will significantly depend on our ability to expand within the camera markets with our new artificial intelligence, or AI, computer vision SoC solutions, particularly in emerging markets such as the OEM automotive, robotics and industrial markets, as well as the existing professional IP security and home security and monitoring camera markets. Each of these markets presents distinct and substantial risks and, in many cases, requires us to develop new functionality or software to address the particular requirements of that market. We anticipate that as we continue to move into new markets, such as the OEM automotive, robotics and industrial markets, we will likely face competition from larger competitors with greater resources and more history in these markets. If any of these markets do not develop as we currently anticipate, or if the development of such markets is delayed or impacted by factors outside of our control, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, or if we are unable to penetrate them successfully with our solutions, our revenue could decline, and our financial condition would be negatively impacted. Some of these markets are primarily served by only a few large, multinational OEMs with substantial negotiating power relative to us and, in some instances, with internal solutions that are competitive to our products. Meeting the technical requirements and securing design wins with any of these companies will require a substantial investment of our time and resources and we cannot assure you that we will secure design wins from these or other companies or that we will achieve meaningful revenue from the sales of our solutions into these markets. If we fail to penetrate these or other new markets we are targeting, our financial condition would likely suffer. Moreover, if we are successful in achieving design wins in these new markets, it will likely take longer to generate revenue from such design wins than in our current markets.

Shortages in, or increased costs of, wafers and materials could adversely impact our gross margins and lead to reduced revenues.

Worldwide manufacturing capacity for silicon wafers is relatively inelastic. If the demand for silicon wafers or assembly material exceeds market supply, our supply of silicon wafers or assembly material could quickly become limited or prohibitively expensive. The semiconductor industry is currently experiencing significant shortages of manufacturing capacity, which has resulted in a lengthening of the manufacturing lead time for our products. If this capacity shortage continues for an extensive period of time, it could negatively impact our ability to meet our customer’s demand for our products and have an adverse impact on our revenue, results of operations and customer relationships. In addition, silicon wafers constitute a material portion of our product cost. If we are unable to purchase wafers at favorable prices, our results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected. It is also possible during this time of supply chain capacity shortage that customers may place orders for our products that exceed their actual demand, which may lead to us manufacturing a surplus of products and could have a negative impact on our results or operations and cash reserves.

Our primary inventory warehouse is located in Hong Kong and may be affected by continued political, social and economic conditions in Hong Kong.

We operate a warehouse facility in Hong Kong through which the substantial majority of our finished SoCs are shipped to customers or logistic partners. BIS has imposed additional restrictions on exports and reexports of U.S.-controlled items to Hong Kong by removing preferential treatment that Hong Kong used to receive and imposing more stringent licensing requirements similar to those applicable to China. Hong Kong has experienced, and continues to experience, significant political unrest and social strife, including protests that resulted in the closing of the Hong Kong international airport in August 2019 for two days. In response to national security legislation adopted by the Chinese government, the U.S. Secretary of State certified to the U.S. Congress in May 2020 that Hong Kong no longer maintains a sufficient degree of autonomy from China to warrant special treatment by the U.S. While such certification does not have an immediate impact on Hong Kong for trade or other purposes, this action represents an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the U.S, China and Hong Kong. It is possible that the U.S. government may take future measures to impose stricter export controls or duties on shipments made to Hong Kong, add additional parties to the Entity List, or reduce preferential treatment currently accorded to Hong Kong, which could harm our business, increase the cost of conducting our operations in Hong Kong or result in retaliatory actions against U.S. interests. While we have not been materially impacted by these problems to date, continued deterioration in political, social or economic conditions in Hong Kong or future unforeseen problems, including health pandemics, could affect deliveries of our SoCs to our customers or logistic partners, possibly resulting in business interruptions, substantially delayed or lost sales, loss of inventory, or increased expenses that cannot be passed on to customers, any of which could ultimately have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. In such an eventuality, we could be forced to relocate our warehouse operations, either temporarily or permanently, to another potentially costlier location or find alternative potentially costlier methods of shipping our finished SoCs to customers and logistic partners. While we are taking measures to attempt to maintain the continuity of our product delivery operations notwithstanding the impact on the use of our Hong Kong facility of the continued or deteriorating conditions in Hong Kong or other future unforeseen problems there, we cannot ensure that these measures will be successful in eliminating disruptions in our business.

Our target markets may not grow or develop as we currently expect and are subject to market risks, any of which could harm our business, revenue and operating results.

We are focusing our development resources on addressing computer vision applications, primarily in the professional IP security and home security and monitoring camera markets, the OEM automotive and robotics markets, with our computer vision solutions. The application of computer vision functionality in these markets is relatively new, and we may be unable to predict the timing or development of these markets with accuracy. For example, a slower than expected adoption rate for computer vision technology in the IP security camera market could slow the demand for our new solutions. Similarly, a slower than anticipated adoption of electronic mirrors, advanced driving assistance systems and autonomous driving functionality could reduce demand for our new computer vision solutions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the global economy and may decrease or delay development of new markets and new programs in emerging markets. If our key target markets, such as automotive cameras, IP security cameras and cameras for robotic applications, do not grow, grow slower, or do not develop in ways that we currently expect, demand for our computer vision, video and image processing SoCs may not materialize as expected, and our business and operating results could suffer.

Our customers may cancel their orders, change production quantities or delay production. If we fail to accurately forecast demand for our solutions, revenue shortfalls or excess, obsolete or insufficient inventory could result.

Our customers typically do not provide us with firm, long-term purchase commitments. A substantial majority of our sales are made on a purchase order basis, which permits our customers to cancel, change or delay their product purchase commitments with little or no notice to us and often without penalty to them. Because production lead times often exceed the amount of time required by our customers to fill their orders, we often must build SoCs in advance of receiving orders from customers, relying on an imperfect demand forecast to project volumes and product mix. As a result of a number of factors, including longer manufacturing times for our products and increased demand from customers, we have increased our inventory levels in the near term.

Our SoCs are incorporated into products manufactured by or for our end customers, and as a result, demand for our solutions is influenced by the demand for our customers’ products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand can be adversely affected by a number of factors, including inaccurate forecasting by our customers, miscalculations by our customers of their inventory requirements, changes in market conditions including reductions in market activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic, adverse changes in our product order mix and fluctuating demand for our customers’ products. Even after an order is received, our customers may cancel these orders, request a decrease in production quantities or request a delay in the delivery of our solutions. Any such cancellation, decrease or delay subjects us to a number of risks, most notably that our projected sales will not materialize on schedule or at all, leading to unanticipated revenue shortfalls and excess or obsolete inventory that we may be unable to sell to other customers. This risk may be exacerbated during the current period of supply chain constraints by customers placing orders with us that could exceed their actual demand for our solutions.

Alternatively, if we are unable to project customer requirements accurately, we may not build enough SoCs, which could lead to delays in product shipments and lost sales opportunities in the near term, as well as force our customers to identify alternative sources, which could affect our ongoing relationships with these customers. We have in the past had customers significantly increase their requested production quantities with little or no advance notice. If we do not fulfill customer demands in a timely manner, our customers may cancel their orders and we may be subject to customer claims for cost of replacement. In addition, the rapid pace of innovation in our industry could render portions of our inventory obsolete. Excess or obsolete inventory levels could result in unexpected expenses or increases in our reserves that could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, any significant future cancellations or deferrals of product orders could harm our margins, increase our write-offs due to product obsolescence and restrict our ability to fund our operations.

We depend on a limited number of customers and end customers for a significant portion of our revenue. If we fail to retain or expand our customer relationships, our revenue could decline.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of ODMs who build products on behalf of a limited number of OEMs and from a limited number of OEMs to whom we ship directly. We anticipate that this customer concentration will continue for the foreseeable future. In fiscal year 2021, the customers representing 10% or more of our revenue were WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd., formerly Wintech Microelectronics Co., Ltd., or Wintech, our distributor, and Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., or Chicony, a direct ODM customer, which accounted for approximately 63% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. For the six months ended July 31, 2021, the customers representing 10% or more of revenue were Wintech and Chicony, which accounted for approximately 62% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. We believe that our operating results for the foreseeable future will continue to depend on sales to a relatively small number of customers and end customers. In the future, these customers may decide not to purchase our SoC solutions at all, may purchase fewer solutions than they did in the past or may alter their purchasing patterns. As substantially all of our sales to date have been made on a purchase order basis, these customers may cancel, change or delay product purchase commitments with little or no notice to us and often without penalty and may make our revenue volatile from period to period, which has happened in the past. The loss of a significant customer, or substantial reduction in purchases by a significant customer, could happen again at any time and without notice, and such loss would likely harm our financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, because several of our largest OEM customers have a dominant position in their markets, a loss of a significant customer may not be easily replaced.

If we fail to develop and introduce new or enhanced solutions on a timely basis, our ability to attract and retain customers could be impaired and our competitive position could be harmed.

We operate in a dynamic environment characterized by rapidly changing technologies and technological obsolescence. To compete successfully, we must design, develop, market and sell enhanced solutions that provide increasingly higher levels of performance and functionality and that meet the cost expectations of our customers. Our existing or future solutions could be rendered obsolete by the introduction of new products by our competitors; convergence of other markets with or into the camera market; the market adoption of products based on new or alternative technologies; the emergence of new industry standards for video compression; or the requirement of additional functionality included in video processors. In addition, the markets for our solutions are characterized by frequent introduction of next-generation and new products, short product life cycles, increasing demand for added functionality and significant price competition. As we develop and introduce new solutions, we face the risk that customers may not value or be willing to bear the cost of incorporating these newer solutions into their products, particularly if they believe their customers are satisfied with current solutions. Regardless of the improved features or superior performance of the newer solutions, customers may be unwilling to adopt our new solutions due to design or pricing constraints. If we or our customers are unable to manage product transitions in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business and results of operations would suffer.

Our failure to anticipate or timely develop new or enhanced solutions in response to technological shifts could result in decreased revenue and our competitors achieving design wins that we sought. In particular, we may experience difficulties with product design, development of new software, manufacturing, marketing or qualification that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or marketing of new or enhanced solutions. In addition, for some markets, such as the automotive OEM market, we expect that we will need to establish relationships with third-party suppliers or software providers in order to effectively market our solutions to end-customers. Failure to establish these relationships could harm our ability to achieve design wins. Delays in product development could impair our relationships with our customers and negatively impact sales of our solutions under development. If we fail to introduce new or enhanced solutions that meet the needs of our customers or penetrate new markets in a timely fashion, we will lose market share, and our operating results will be adversely affected.

We are focused on selling our computer vision, video and image processing solutions to ODMs and OEMs for incorporation into their products at the design stage. These efforts to achieve design wins typically are lengthy, especially in emerging markets such as the OEM automotive market, and in any case can require us to both incur design and development costs and dedicate scarce engineering resources in pursuit of a single customer opportunity. We may not prevail in the competitive selection process, and even when we do achieve a design win, we may never generate any revenue despite incurring development expenditures. For example, in the past we had achieved certain design wins and projected substantial future revenue as a result of such design wins. Subsequently, based on factors outside of our control, the applicable end customers abruptly cancelled the projects, with no notice to us, resulting in a loss of projected revenue. In addition, even if an OEM designs one of our SoC solutions into one of its products, we cannot be assured that we will secure new design wins from that OEM for future products. Further, even after securing a design win, we have experienced and may again experience delays in generating revenue from our solutions as a result of the lengthy product development cycle typically required, if we generate any revenue at all as a result of any such design win.

Our customers generally take a considerable amount of time to evaluate our solutions. The typical time from early engagement by our sales force to actual product introduction runs from nine to 12 months, though it will likely take significantly longer in new markets such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets. The delays inherent in these lengthy sales cycles increase the risk that a customer will decide to cancel, curtail, reduce or delay its product plans, causing us to lose anticipated sales. In addition, any delay or cancellation of a customer’s plans could harm our financial results, as we may have incurred significant expense and generated no revenue. If we were unable to generate revenue after incurring substantial expenses to develop any of our solutions, our business would suffer.

We expect competition to increase in the future, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue and market share.

The global semiconductor market in general, and the computer vision, video and image processing markets in particular, are highly competitive. We compete in different target markets to various degrees on the basis of a number of competitive factors, including our solutions’ performance, features, energy efficiency, size, ease with which our solution may be integrated into our customers’ products, customer support, reliability and price, as well as on the basis of our reputation. We expect competition to increase and intensify as more and larger semiconductor companies enter our markets and as existing competitors improve or expand their product offerings. We also expect that the trend among large OEMs to seek to develop their own semiconductor solutions will continue and expand, particularly in camera markets experiencing consolidation, such as the IP security market. In addition, in our newer markets, such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets, we will face competition from larger competitors with longer histories in these markets. Increased competition could result in price pressure, reduced profitability and loss of market share, any of which could harm our business, revenue and operating results.

Our competitors range from large, international companies with greater resources offering a wide range of semiconductor products to smaller, nimble companies specializing in narrow markets. In the security camera market, our primary competitors include AMLogic Inc., HiSilicon Technologies Co., Ltd., or HiSilicon, which is owned by Huawei Technologies Co., Ingenic Semiconductor Co., Ltd., Novatek Microelectronics Corp., or Novatek, OmniVision Technologies, Inc., Qualcomm Incorporated, or Qualcomm, SigmaStar Technology Corp., Socionext Inc., or Socionext, an entity created from the merger of the system LSI businesses of Fujitsu Ltd. and Panasonic Corporation, and Texas Instruments Incorporated, or Texas Instruments, as well as vertically integrated divisions of security camera device OEMs, including Axis, Hanwha Techwin, and Google LLC, which is owned by Alphabet, Inc. In the automotive camera market, we primarily compete against Allwinner Technology Co., Ltd., Horizon Robotics Inc., iCatch Technology, Inc., Mobileye, a subsidiary of Intel Corporation, or Intel, Novatek, NVIDIA Corporation, or NVIDIA, NXP Semiconductors N.V., Qualcomm, Renesas Electronics Corporation, Texas Instruments and Xilinx Inc. In the robotics and emerging applications markets, our primary competitors are Fuzhou Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd., NVIDIA, Qualcomm, and Texas Instruments. In the other applications markets, our primary competitors are HiSilicon, Movidius Ltd., a subsidiary of Intel, NVIDIA, Qualcomm, Socionext, and vertically integrated divisions of our OEM customer, Shenzhen Dajiang Baiwang Technology Co., Ltd., or Dajiang Baiwang.

Certain of our customers and suppliers also have divisions that produce products competitive with ours and other customers may seek to vertically integrate competitive solutions in the future. In addition, certain third-party developers of technology competitive to our solutions have licensed their technology, including image signal processing and computer vision IP, which potentially enables a greater number of competitors to offer competitive solutions.

Our ability to compete successfully depends on elements both within and outside of our control. Many of our competitors are substantially larger, have greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution, customer support and other resources, are more established than we are and have significantly better brand recognition and broader product offerings than us, which may enable them to develop and enable new technology into product solutions better or faster than us and to better withstand adverse economic or market conditions in the future. Our ability to compete will depend on a number of factors, including:

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our ability to anticipate market and technology trends and successfully develop solutions that meet market needs;

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our success in identifying and penetrating new markets, applications and customers;

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our ability to understand the price points and performance metrics of competing products in the marketplace;

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our solutions’ performance and cost-effectiveness relative to that of competing products;

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our ability to gain access to leading design tools and product specifications at the same time as our competitors;

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our ability to develop and maintain relationships with key OEMs and ODMs;

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our products’ effective implementation of video processing standards;

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our ability to protect our intellectual property;

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our ability to expand international operations in a timely and cost-efficient manner;

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our ability to deliver products in volume on a timely basis at competitive prices;

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our ability to support our customers’ incorporation of our solutions into their products; and

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our ability to recruit design and application engineers with expertise in computer vision, video and image processing technologies and sales and marketing personnel.

Our competitors may also establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties or acquire companies that provide similar products to ours. As a result, new competitors or alliances may emerge that could acquire significant market share. Any of these factors, alone or in combination with others, could harm our business and result in a loss of market share and an increase in pricing pressure.

A breach of our security systems may have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our security systems are designed to maintain the physical security of our facilities and information systems and protect our customers’, suppliers’ and employees’ confidential information. Accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access by third parties to our facilities or our information systems or the existence of computer viruses in our data or software could expose us to a risk of information loss and misappropriation of proprietary and confidential information. Security breaches, computer malware and computer hacking attacks have become more prevalent and sophisticated. These threats are constantly evolving, making it increasingly difficult to successfully defend against or implement adequate preventive measures. Moreover, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for remote work and remote access to our systems has increased significantly, which also increases our cybersecurity risk profile. Experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls and misappropriate or compromise our confidential information or that of third parties or create system disruptions. Computer programmers and hackers also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs that attack our information systems and cause disruptions of our business. For portions of our IT infrastructure, we rely on products and services provided by third parties. These third-party providers may also experience breaches and attacks to their products, which could impact our systems. For example, in 2020, SolarWinds Corp., one of our third-party IT infrastructure software providers, was subject to a data security breach. Our investigation of the breach, which was supported by a third-party security expert, has not identified any adverse impact to our business or operations, but there can be no guarantee we will not experience such an impact. Data security breaches may also result from non-technical means, for example, actions by an employee. Any theft or misuse of this information could result in, among other things, damage to our reputation, allegations by our customers that we have not performed our contractual obligations, litigation by affected parties and possible financial obligations for liabilities and damages related to the theft or misuse of this information, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, our reputation, and our relationships with our customers and partners. We also rely on a number of third-party “cloud-based” service providers of corporate infrastructure services relating to, among other things, human resources, electronic communication services and some finance functions, and we are, of necessity, dependent on the security systems of these providers. Any security breaches or other unauthorized access by third parties to the systems of our cloud-based service providers or the existence of computer viruses in their data or software could expose us to a risk of information loss and misappropriation of confidential information.

While we intend to continue to invest in research and development, we may be unable to make the substantial investments that are required to remain competitive in our business.

The semiconductor industry requires substantial investment in research and development in order to bring to market new and enhanced solutions. Our research and development expense was $140.8 million, $129.7 million and $128.1 million in fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the six months ended July 31, 2021, our research and development expense was $77.4 million. We expect to increase our research and development expenditures as compared to prior periods as part of our strategy of focusing on the development of innovative computer vision, video and image processing solutions with increased functionality, and as we target new markets, such as the automotive OEM and robotics markets. We are unable to predict whether we will have sufficient resources to achieve the level of investment in research and development required to remain competitive. For example, development in the latest process nodes, such as 10 and 5 nanometer, or nm, costs significantly more than required to develop in larger process nodes, such as 28nm or 14nm. This added cost could prevent us from being able to maintain a technology advantage over larger competitors that have significantly more resources to invest in research and development. In addition, we cannot assure you that the technologies which are the focus of our research and development expenditures will become commercially successful or generate any revenue.

The loss of any of our key personnel could seriously harm our business.

We believe our future success depends in large part upon the continuing services of the members of our senior management team and various engineering and other technical personnel. If one or more of our senior executives or other key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our business may be disrupted, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if any member of our senior management team or any of our other key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may experience material disruption of our operations and development plans and lose customers, know-how and key professionals and staff members, and we may incur increased operating expenses as the attention of other senior executives is diverted to recruit replacements for key personnel.

We rely on highly skilled personnel and, if we are unable to hire, retain or motivate key personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively.

Our performance largely depends on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Our industry is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent. The pool of qualified candidates is limited, particularly in Silicon Valley and parts of Asia for very-large-scale integration, or VLSI, and artificial intelligence and computer vision engineers, and certain of our competitors and potential competitors with greater resources have directly targeted our employees. In addition, we also face competition in hiring artificial intelligence engineers, including from companies with which we do not directly compete. Our compensation arrangements, such as our equity award programs, may not always be successful in attracting new employees and retaining and motivating our existing employees. Our continued ability to compete effectively, and to grow our business, depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees.

The average selling prices of video and image processing solutions in our target markets have typically decreased over time and will likely do so in the future, which could harm our revenue and gross margins.

Average selling prices of semiconductor products in the markets we serve have historically decreased over time, and we expect such declines to occur for our solutions over time. Our gross margins and financial results will suffer if we are unable to offset reductions in our average selling prices by reducing our costs, developing new or enhanced SoC solutions on a timely basis with higher selling prices or gross margins, or increasing our sales volumes. Additionally, because we do not operate our own manufacturing, assembly or testing facilities, we may not be able to reduce our costs as rapidly as companies that operate their own facilities, and our costs may even increase, which could also reduce our gross margins. In the past, we have reduced the prices of our SoC solutions in anticipation of future competitive pricing pressures, new product introductions by us or our competitors and other factors. We expect that we will have to address pricing pressures again in the future, particularly in markets experiencing consolidation, which could require us to reduce the prices of our SoC solutions and harm our operating results.

If we are unable to manage any future growth, we may not be able to execute our business plan and our operating results could suffer.

Our business has grown rapidly in the past. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to successfully manage any expansion and growth, including the challenges of managing a company with an executive management team in the United States and the majority of its employees in Asia. We are increasing our investment in research and development and other functions to grow our business and address new markets, such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets. To manage our growth successfully and handle the responsibilities of being a public company, we believe we must effectively, among other things:

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recruit, hire, train and manage additional qualified engineers for our research and development activities, particularly in our offices in Asia and especially for the positions of semiconductor design and systems, applications engineering and computer vision development;

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add additional sales and business development personnel;

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add additional finance and accounting personnel;

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maintain and improve our administrative, financial and operational systems, procedures and controls; and

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enhance our information technology support for enterprise resource planning and design engineering by adapting and expanding our systems and tool capabilities, and properly training new hires as to their use.

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be able to secure sufficient manufacturing capacity.

We are likely to incur the costs associated with these increased investments earlier than some of the anticipated benefits, and the return on these investments, if any, may be lower, may develop more slowly than we expect or may not materialize. In addition, development of products to address emerging markets, such as the OEM automotive and robotics markets, could negatively impact our ability to develop new products for our current markets, which may harm our financial condition, particularly in the near term.

If we are unable to manage growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities or develop new solutions, and we may fail to satisfy customer product or support requirements, maintain product quality, execute our business plan or respond to competitive pressures.

Deterioration of the financial conditions of our customers could adversely affect our operating results.

Deterioration of the financial condition of our distributors or customers could adversely impact our collection of accounts receivable. For the six months ended July 31, 2021, the customers representing 10% or more of revenue and accounts receivable were Wintech and Chicony, which accounted for approximately 62% and 16% of total revenue, respectively. As of July 31, 2021, accounts receivable with Wintech and Chicony were approximately $17.7 million and $12.6 million, respectively. We regularly review the collectability and creditworthiness of our distributors and customers to determine an appropriate allowance for credit losses. Based on our review of our distributors and customers, we currently have only immaterial reserves for uncollectible accounts. If our uncollectible accounts, however, were to exceed our current or future allowance for credit losses, our operating results would be negatively impacted.

We are subject to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry.

The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is characterized by constant and rapid technological change, rapid product obsolescence, price erosion, evolving standards, short product life cycles and wide fluctuations in product supply and demand. The industry experienced a significant downturn during the 2008-2009 global recession and the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to a similar downturn in future periods. These downturns have been characterized by diminished product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels and accelerated erosion of average selling prices. Any future downturns could harm our business and operating results. Furthermore, any significant upturn in the semiconductor industry could result in increased competition for access to third-party foundry and assembly capacity. We are dependent on the availability of this capacity to manufacture and assemble our SoC solutions. None of our third-party foundry or assembly contractors has provided assurances that adequate capacity will be available to us in the future. The semiconductor industry is currently experiencing significant shortages of capacity, which has resulted in a lengthening of the manufacturing lead time for our products. This capacity shortage has negatively impacted our ability to meet our customers’ demand, and if this capacity shortage continues for an extensive period of time, it could further negatively impact our ability to meet our customers’ demand for our products and have an adverse impact on our revenue, results of operations and customer relationships. In addition, it is possible during this time of supply chain capacity shortage that customers may place orders for our products that exceed their actual demand, which may lead to us manufacturing a surplus of products, which could have a negative impact on our results or operations and cash reserves.

Highly complex SoC solutions such as ours frequently contain defects, errors and bugs when they are first introduced or as new versions are released. We have in the past and may in the future experience these defects, errors and bugs. If any of our solutions have reliability, quality or compatibility problems, we may not be able to successfully correct these problems in a timely manner or at all. In addition, if any of our proprietary features contain defects, errors or bugs when first introduced or as new versions of our solutions are released, we may be unable to timely correct these problems. Consequently, our reputation may be damaged and customers may be reluctant to buy our solutions, which could harm our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers, and could adversely affect our financial results. In addition, these defects, errors or bugs could interrupt or delay sales to our customers. If any of these problems are not found until after we have commenced commercial production of a new product, we may incur significant additional development costs and product recall, repair or replacement costs. These problems may also result in claims against us by our customers or others.

We aim to use the most advanced manufacturing process technology appropriate for our products that is available from our third-party foundries. As a result, we periodically evaluate the benefits of migrating our solutions to smaller geometry process technologies in order to improve performance and reduce costs. We believe this strategy will help us remain competitive. We may face difficulties, delays and increased expense as we transition our products to new processes, such as the 5nm process node, and potentially to new foundries. We currently depend on Samsung, as the principal foundry for our products, to transition to new processes successfully. We cannot assure you that Samsung will be able to effectively manage such transitions or that we will be able to maintain our relationship with Samsung or develop relationships with new foundries. Moreover, as we utilize more advanced process nodes beyond 5nm, we are increasingly dependent upon Samsung, who is one of the few foundries currently available for certain advanced process technologies. If we or our foundry vendors experience significant delays in transitioning to smaller geometries or fail to efficiently implement transitions, we could experience reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased costs, all of which could harm our relationships with our customers and our operating results.

Rapidly changing industry standards could make our video and image processing solutions obsolete, which would cause our operating results to suffer.

We design our video and image processing solutions to conform to video compression standards, including MPEG-2, H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and H.265 High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), set by industry standards setting bodies such as ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group. Generally, our solutions comprise only a part of a camera device. All components of these devices must uniformly comply with industry standards in order to operate efficiently together. We depend on companies that provide other components of the devices to support prevailing industry standards. Many of these companies are significantly larger and more influential in driving industry standards than we are. Some industry standards may not be widely adopted or implemented uniformly, and competing standards may emerge that may be preferred by our customers or by consumers. If our customers or the suppliers that provide other device components adopt new or competing industry standards with which our solutions are not compatible, or if the industry groups fail to adopt standards with which our solutions are compatible, our existing solutions would become less desirable to our customers. If our solutions are not in compliance with prevailing industry standards for a significant period of time, we could miss opportunities to achieve crucial design wins, which could harm our business. As a result, our sales would suffer, and we could be required to make significant expenditures to develop new SoC solutions to ensure compliance with relevant standards.

We have research and development design centers and business development offices in China, Japan, Italy, South Korea and Taiwan, and we expect to continue to conduct business with companies that are located outside the United States, particularly in Asia. We purchase wafers from foreign foundries, have our solutions assembled and tested by subcontractors located in Asia, and supply our solutions to customers located outside of the United States. Even customers of ours that are based in the United States often use contract manufacturers based in Asia to manufacture their products, and these contract manufacturers typically purchase products directly from us. As a result of our international focus, we face numerous challenges and risks, including:

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increased complexity and costs of managing international operations;

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longer and more difficult collection of receivables;

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difficulties in enforcing contracts generally;

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regional economic instability;

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geopolitical instability and military conflicts;

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limited protection of our intellectual property and other assets;

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compliance with local laws and regulations and unanticipated changes in local laws and regulations, including tax laws and regulations;

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trade and foreign exchange restrictions and higher tariffs;

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travel restrictions;

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timing and availability of import and export licenses and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses, including export classification requirements;

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foreign currency exchange fluctuations relating to our international operating activities;

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restrictions imposed by the U.S. government on our ability to do business with certain companies or in certain countries as a result of international political conflicts;

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transportation delays and other consequences of limited local infrastructure, and disruptions, such as large-scale outages or interruptions of service from utilities or telecommunications providers;

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heightened risk of terrorist acts;

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local business and cultural factors that differ from standards and practices in the U.S.;

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differing employment practices and labor relations;

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regional health issues, pandemics, and natural disasters; and

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work stoppages.

We may make acquisitions in the future that could disrupt our business, cause dilution to our shareholders, reduce our financial resources and harm our business.

In the future, we may acquire other businesses, products or technologies. Other than our acquisition of VisLab S.r.l., or VisLab, in June 2015, we have not made any acquisitions to date and do not have any commitments for any specific acquisition at this time. Our ability to make and successfully integrate acquisitions is unproven. Future acquisitions may not strengthen our competitive position and may be viewed negatively by our customers, financial markets or investors, and we may not achieve our goals in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, any acquisitions we make could lead to difficulties in integrating personnel, technologies and operations from the acquired businesses and in retaining and motivating key personnel from these businesses. Acquisitions may disrupt our ongoing operations, divert management from their primary responsibilities, subject us to additional liabilities, increase our expenses and adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flows. Acquisitions may also reduce our cash available for operations and other uses, and could also result in an increase in amortization expense related to identifiable assets acquired, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, any of which could harm our business.

The complexity of calculating our tax provision may result in errors that could result in restatements of our financial statements.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands and our operations are subject to income and transaction taxes in the United States, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan and other jurisdictions in which we do business. Due to the complexity associated with the calculation of our tax provision, we have hired independent tax advisors to assist us. If we or our independent tax advisors fail to resolve or fully understand certain issues, there may be errors that could result in us having to restate our financial statements. Restatements are generally costly and could adversely impact our results of operations or have a negative impact on the trading price of our ordinary shares.

Risks Related to Our Financial Performance or Results

Fluctuations in our operating results on a quarterly and annual basis could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline.

Our revenue and operating results have fluctuated significantly from period to period in the past and are likely to do so in the future. In particular, our business has tended to be seasonal with higher revenue in our third quarter as our customers typically increase their production to meet holiday shopping season or year-end demand for their products. We also may experience seasonally lower demand in our first quarter as a result of industry seasonality and the impact of ODM and OEM factory closures associated with the Chinese New Year holiday. As a result, you should not rely on period-to-period comparisons of our operating results as an indication of our future performance. In future periods, our revenue and results of operations may be below the expectations of analysts and investors, which could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline.

Factors that may affect our operating results include:

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fluctuations in demand, sales cycles, product mix, and prices for our products;

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the forecasting, scheduling, rescheduling or cancellation of orders by our customers;

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shifts in consumer or manufacturer preferences and any resultant change in demand for video and image capture devices into which our solutions are incorporated;

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changes in the competitive dynamics of our markets, including new entrants or pricing pressures;

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delays in our customers’ ability to manufacture and ship products that incorporate our solutions caused by internal and external factors beyond our control;

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our ability to successfully define, design and release new solutions in a timely manner that meet our customers’ needs;

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changes in manufacturing costs, including wafer, test and assembly costs, mask costs, manufacturing yields and product quality and reliability;

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timely availability of adequate manufacturing capacity from our manufacturing subcontractors;

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the timing of product announcements by our competitors or by us;

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incurrence of research and development and related new products expenditures;

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write-downs of inventory for excess quantities and technological obsolescence;

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impairment of investment or other asset values;

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future accounting pronouncements and changes in accounting policies;

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volatility in our share price, which may lead to higher stock-based compensation expense;

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volatility in our effective tax rate;

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general socioeconomic and political conditions in the countries where we operate or where our products are sold or used, including the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S.-China relations and the conditions in Hong Kong; and

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costs associated with litigation, especially related to intellectual property.

Moreover, the semiconductor industry has historically been cyclical in nature, reflecting overall economic conditions as well as budgeting and buying patterns of consumers. For example, the semiconductor industry is currently experiencing significant shortages of capacity, which has resulted in a lengthening of the manufacturing lead time for our products and could be impacting the normal forecasting and ordering patterns of our customers. We expect these cyclical conditions to continue. As a result, our quarterly operating results are difficult to predict, even in the near term. Our expense levels are relatively fixed in the short term and are based, in part, on our expectations of future revenue. If revenue levels are below our expectations, we may experience material adverse impacts on our business, including declines in margins and profitability, or incur losses. For example, our revenue declined 2.5% in fiscal year 2021, increased 0.4% in fiscal year 2020 and declined 23% in fiscal year 2019. We incurred a net loss in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. For the six months ended July 31, 2021, while our revenue increased by 42.7% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2021, we incurred a net loss of $18.0 million. We may experience similar fluctuations or declines in revenue or net losses in the future, which would harm our financial results.

If we do not generate revenue growth, we may not be able to execute our business plan and our operating results could suffer.

We believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will significantly depend on our ability to expand within our existing camera markets, such as the existing professional IP security and home security and monitoring camera markets, and successfully penetrate new markets, such as the OEM automotive, robotics and industrial markets, with our new AI computer vision SoC solutions. We believe that executing upon our business plan requires us to continue to develop new SoCs and new software to address the particular requirements of these markets. Accordingly, we continue to invest in the development of new technology and solutions and expect our research and development expenditures to increase compared to prior periods. Our revenue declined 2.5% in fiscal year 2021, increased 0.4% in fiscal year 2020 and declined 23% in fiscal year 2019. We incurred net loss in fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. For the six months ended July 31, 2021, while our revenue increased by 42.7% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2021, we incurred a net loss of $18.0 million. Accordingly, if we are unable to generate or maintain adequate revenue growth, our financial results could suffer and our stock price could decline.

We may have difficulty accurately predicting our future revenue and appropriately budgeting our expenses.

The rapidly evolving nature of the markets in which we sell our solutions, combined with substantial uncertainty concerning how these markets may develop, the considerable amount of time our customers generally take to evaluate our solutions, and other factors beyond our control, limits our ability to accurately forecast quarterly or annual revenue. We continue to expand our staffing and increase our expenditures in anticipation of future revenue growth. If our revenue does not increase as anticipated, we could incur significant losses due to our higher expense levels if we are not able to decrease our expenses in a timely manner to offset any shortfall in future revenue. Continued or persistent losses may require us to obtain additional capital that may not be available on reasonable terms or at all.

Changes to financial accounting standards may affect our results of operations and could cause us to change our business practices.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements to conform to generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, in the United States. These accounting principles are subject to interpretation by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the SEC and various bodies formed to interpret and create accounting rules and regulations. Changes in those accounting rules could have a significant effect on our financial results, require significant resources, pose challenges in forecasting revenue and may affect our reporting of transactions completed before a change is announced. Changes to those rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business.

Fluctuations in exchange rates between and among the currencies of the countries in which we do business may adversely affect our operating results.

Our sales have been historically denominated in U.S. dollars. An increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies of the countries in which our end customers operate could impair the ability of our end customers to cost-effectively integrate our SoCs into their devices which may materially affect the demand for our solutions and cause these end customers to reduce their orders, which would adversely affect our revenue and business. We may experience foreign exchange gains or losses due to the volatility of other currencies compared to the U.S. dollar. A significant portion of our solutions are sold to camera manufacturers located outside the United States, primarily in Asia. Sales to customers in Asia accounted for approximately 88%, 90% and 87% of our total revenue in fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the six months ended July 31, 2021, sales to customers in Asia accounted for approximately 89% of our total revenue. Because most of our end customers or their ODM manufacturers are located in Asia, we anticipate that a majority of our future revenue will continue to come from sales to that region. Although a large percentage of our sales are made to customers in Asia, we believe that a significant number of the products designed by these customers and incorporating our SoCs are then sold to consumers globally. In addition, if in the future we sell products or purchase inventory in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, our exposure to foreign currency risk could become more significant.

A significant number of our employees are located in Asia, principally Taiwan and China, and Europe. Therefore, a portion of our payroll as well as certain other operating expenses are paid in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, such as the New Taiwan Dollar, the Chinese Yuan Renminbi and the Eurozone Euro. Our operating results are denominated in U.S. dollars and the difference in exchange rates in one period compared to another may directly impact period-to-period comparisons of our operating results. Furthermore, currency exchange rates, particularly the exchange rates between the Chinese Yuan Renminbi and the U.S. dollar, between the New Taiwan Dollar and the U.S. dollar, and between the Eurozone Euro and the U.S. dollar, have been volatile in the recent past and these currency fluctuations may make it difficult for us to predict our operating results.

We have not implemented any hedging strategies to mitigate risks related to the impact of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Even if we were to implement hedging strategies, not every exposure can be hedged and, where hedges are put in place based on expected foreign exchange exposure, they are based on forecasts which may vary or which may later prove to have been inaccurate. Failure to hedge successfully or anticipate currency risks accurately could adversely affect our operating results.

We cannot predict our future capital needs, and we may not be able to obtain additional financing to fund our operations.

We may need to raise additional funds in the future. Any required additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities or convertible debt, investors may experience significant dilution of their ownership interest, and the newly-issued securities may have rights senior to those of the holders of our ordinary shares. If we raise additional funds by obtaining loans from third parties, the terms of those financing arrangements may include negative covenants or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operational flexibility and would also require us to incur interest expense. If additional financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may have to scale back our operations or limit our production activities, and we may not be able to expand our business, develop or enhance our products, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures which could result in lower revenue and reduce the competitiveness of our products.

Our marketable securities portfolio could experience a decline in market value, which could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

As of July 31, 2021, we had approximately $215.0 million in debt security investments. These investments consisted primarily of money market funds, commercial paper, asset-backed securities, U.S. government securities and debt securities of corporations. We currently do not use derivative financial instruments to adjust our investment portfolio risk or income profile. These investments, as well as any cash deposited in bank accounts, are subject to general credit, liquidity, market and interest rate risks, which may be exacerbated by unusual events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Eurozone crisis and the U.S. debt ceiling crisis, which affected various sectors of the financial markets and led to global credit and liquidity issues. If the global credit market continues to experience volatility or deteriorates, our investment portfolio may be impacted and some or all of our investments may experience other-than-temporary impairment which could adversely impact our financial results and position.

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

The semiconductor industry is subject to intense competitive pricing pressure from customers and competitors. Accordingly, any increase in the cost of our solutions, whether by adverse purchase price variances or adverse manufacturing cost variances, will reduce our gross margins and operating profit. We currently do not have long-term supply contracts with most of our primary third-party vendors, and we negotiate pricing with our main vendors on a purchase order-by-purchase order basis. Therefore, they are not obligated to perform services or supply product to us for any specific period, in any specific quantities, or at any specific price, except as may be provided in a particular purchase order. The ability of our foundry vendors to provide us with a product, which is solely sourced at each foundry, is limited by their available capacity, existing obligations and technological capabilities. Foundry capacity may not be available when we need it or at reasonable prices. None of our third-party foundry or assembly and test vendors have provided contractual assurances to us that adequate capacity will be available to us to meet our anticipated future demand for our solutions. Moreover, availability of foundry capacity at our primary foundry vendor has tightened recently, which could limit the volume of products we can produce and/or delay production of new products, both of which would negatively impact our business and operations. Similarly, our assembly vendors have recently experienced shortages of certain substrates necessary for the production of our solutions due in part to COVID-19, which has negatively impacted the production time of our devices. If these conditions continue for a substantial period or worsen, our ability to meet our anticipated demand for our solutions could be impacted which, in turn, could negatively impact our operations and financial results.

Our foundry and assembly and test vendors may allocate capacity to the production of other companies’ products while reducing deliveries to us on short notice. In particular, other companies that are larger and better financed than we are or that have long-term agreements with our foundry or assembly and test vendors may cause our foundry or assembly and test vendors to reallocate capacity to them, decreasing the capacity available to us. Converting or transferring manufacturing from a primary location or supplier to a backup provider could be expensive and would likely take at least two or more quarters. There are only a few foundries, including Samsung and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd., or TSMC, that are currently available for certain advanced process technologies that we utilize or may utilize, such as 10nm or 5nm. Accordingly, as we continue to develop solutions in advanced process nodes, we will be increasingly dependent upon such foundries. The unavailability of one or both of these foundries could significantly impact our ability to produce our new products or delay production, which would negatively impact our business.

We rely on third parties for substantially all of our manufacturing operations, including wafer fabrication, assembly and testing. Currently, the majority of our SoCs are supplied by Samsung in facilities located in Austin, Texas and South Korea, from whom we have the option to purchase both fully assembled and tested products as well as tested die in wafer form for assembly. Samsung subcontracts the assembly and initial testing of the assembled chips it supplies to us to Signetics Corporation and STATS ChipPAC Ltd. In the case of purchases of tested die from Samsung, we contract the assembly to Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc., or ASE. Final testing of all of our products is handled by King Yuan Electronics Co., Ltd. or Sigurd Corporation under the supervision of our engineers. We depend on these third parties to supply us with material of a requested quantity in a timely manner that meets our standards for yield, cost and manufacturing quality. Availability of capacity within our supply chain has tightened recently, which could limit the volume of products we can produce and negatively impact our business and operations. Moreover, because each SoC is fabricated in only one manufacturing facility, or single sourced, any disruption to a facility could cause significant delays in the production or shipment of the products produced in that facility that could not be easily offset by having such product(s) produced in another facility. We do not have any long-term supply agreements with any of our manufacturing suppliers. If one or more of these vendors terminates its relationship with us, or if we encounter any problems with our manufacturing supply chain, including available capacity constraints, our ability to ship our solutions to our customers on time and in the quantity required would be adversely affected, which in turn could cause an unanticipated decline in our sales and damage our customer relationships.

If, in the future, we enter into arrangements with suppliers that include additional fees to expedite delivery, nonrefundable deposits or loans in exchange for capacity commitments or commitments to purchase specified quantities over extended periods, such arrangements may be costly, reduce our financial flexibility and be on terms unfavorable to us, if we are able to secure such arrangements at all. To date, we have not entered into any such arrangements with our suppliers. If we need additional foundry or assembly and test subcontractors because of increased demand or the inability to obtain timely and adequate deliveries from our current vendors, we may not be able to do so cost-effectively, if at all.

A substantial portion of our revenue is processed through a single distributor and the loss of this distributor may cause disruptions in our shipments, which may adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

We sell a significant percentage of our solutions through a single distributor, Wintech, which serves as our non-exclusive sales representative in Asia, other than Japan. Approximately 63%, 60% and 58% of our revenue was derived from sales through Wintech for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and approximately 62% of our revenue was derived from sales through Wintech for the six months ended July 31, 2021. We anticipate that a significant portion of our revenue will continue to be derived from sales through Wintech in the foreseeable future. In November 2019, WPG Holdings Co., or WPG, a Taiwan distributor, announced an unsolicited bid to acquire up to 30% of Wintech. In January 2020, WPG acquired approximately 17% of Wintech, but indicated it intended to remain a passive investor in Wintech. The acquisition of Wintech by WPG could have an adverse impact on our relationship with Wintech. Our current agreement with Wintech is effective until September 2022, unless it is terminated earlier by either party for any or no reason with 60 days written notice or by failure of the breaching party to cure a material breach within 30 days following written notice of such material breach by the non-breaching party. Our agreement with Wintech will automatically renew for additional successive 12-month terms unless at least 60 days before the end of the then-current term either party provides written notice to the other party that it elects not to renew the agreement. Termination of the relationship with Wintech, either by us or by Wintech, could result in a temporary or permanent loss of revenue. We may not be successful in finding suitable alternative distributors on satisfactory terms, or at all, and this could adversely affect our ability to effectively sell our solutions in certain geographical locations or to certain end customers. Furthermore, Wintech, or any successor or other distributors we do business with, may face issues obtaining credit, which could impair their ability to make timely payments to us.

We are subject to risks associated with our distributors' product inventories.

We sell many of our products to customers through distributors who maintain their own inventory of our products for sale to ODMs and end customers. We allow limited price adjustments on sales to distributors. Price adjustments may be effected by way of credits for future product or by cash payments to the distributor, either in arrears or in advance, using estimates based on historical transactions. In accordance with ASC 606, we recognize revenue on sales to distributors upon shipment and transfer of control (known as “sell-in” revenue recognition) based on the amount of consideration expected to be received. To the extent that the actual consideration received is materially different from estimated variable consideration recognized, we may be required to adjust revenue in subsequent periods.

If our distributors are unable to sell an adequate amount of their inventory of our products in a given quarter to ODMs and end customers, or if they decide to decrease their inventories for any reason, such as adverse global economic conditions or a downturn in technology spending, our sales to these distributors and our revenues may decline. We also face the risk that our distributors may purchase, or for other reasons accumulate, inventory levels of our products in any particular quarter in excess of future anticipated sales to end customers. If such sales do not occur in the time frame anticipated by these distributors for any reason, these distributors may substantially decrease the amount of product they order from us in subsequent periods until their inventory levels realign with end-customer demand, which would harm our business and could adversely affect our revenues in such subsequent periods. Our reserve estimates associated with products stocked by our distributors are based largely on reports that our distributors provide to us on a weekly or monthly basis. To date, we believe this resale and channel inventory data have been generally accurate. To the extent that these data are inaccurate or not received in a timely manner, we may not be able to make reserve estimates for future periods accurately or at all.

Camera manufacturers incorporate components supplied by multiple third parties, and a supply shortage or delay in delivery of these components could delay orders for our solutions by our customers.

Our customers purchase components used in the manufacture of their cameras from various sources of supply, often involving several specialized components, including lenses, sensors, and memory chips. Any supply shortage or delay in delivery by third-party component suppliers, or a third-party supplier’s cessation or shut down of its business, may prevent or delay production of our customers’ products. As a result of delays in delivery or supply shortages of third-party components, orders for our solutions may be delayed or canceled and our business may be harmed. For example, a disruption in the availability of image sensors from Sony Corporation as a result of the April 14, 2016 Kumamoto, Japan earthquake impacted our customers’ ability to build or launch cameras and, as a result, negatively impacted the timing and scope of demand for our SoCs in the second and third quarters of fiscal year 2017. The semiconductor industry is currently experiencing shortages of certain devices, which has impacted, and may continue to impact, our customers’ ability to build their products and negatively impact our customers’ demand for our solutions. Similarly, our ability to generate design wins in some markets, such as the automotive OEM market, requires us to collaborate with third-party software suppliers in order to offer a complete solution to customers. Our inability to successfully collaborate with such third-party suppliers, or such suppliers’ inability to develop and deliver software, could harm our ability to achieve design wins and harm our business. Errors or defects within a camera system or in the manner in which the various components interact could prevent or delay production of our customers’ products, which could harm our business.

If our foundry vendors do not achieve satisfactory yields or quality, our reputation and customer relationships could be harmed.

The fabrication of our video and image processing SoC solutions is a complex and technically demanding process. Minor deviations in the manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yields, and in some cases, cause production to be suspended. Our foundry vendors, from time to time, experience manufacturing defects and reduced manufacturing yields, including in the fabrication of our SoCs. Changes in manufacturing processes or the inadvertent use of defective or contaminated materials by our foundry vendors could result in lower than anticipated manufacturing yields or unacceptable performance of our SoCs. Many of these problems are difficult to detect at an early stage of the manufacturing process and may be time consuming and expensive to correct. Poor yields from our foundry vendors, or defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our solutions, could cause us significant customer relations and business reputation problems, harm our financial results and give rise to financial or other damages to our customers. Our customers might consequently seek damages from us for their losses. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly to defend.

Each of our SoC solutions is manufactured at a single location. If we experience manufacturing problems at a particular location, we would be required to transfer manufacturing to a new location or supplier. Converting or transferring manufacturing from a primary location or supplier to a backup fabrication facility could be expensive and could take two or more quarters. During such a transition, we would be required to meet customer demand from our then-existing inventory, as well as any partially finished goods that could be modified to the required product specifications. We do not seek to maintain sufficient inventory to address a lengthy transition period because we believe it is uneconomical to keep more than minimal inventory on hand. As a result, we may not be able to meet customer needs during such a transition, which could delay shipments, cause production delays, result in a decline in our sales and damage our customer relationships.

We rely on third-party vendors to supply software development tools to us for the development of our new products, and we may be unable to obtain the tools necessary to develop or enhance new or existing products.

We rely on third-party software development tools to assist us in the design, simulation and verification of new products or product enhancements. To bring new products or product enhancements to market in a timely manner, or at all, we need software development tools that are sophisticated enough or technologically advanced enough to complete our design, simulations and verifications. In the future, the design requirements necessary to meet consumer demands for more features and greater functionality from our solutions may exceed the capabilities of available software development tools. Unavailability of software development tools may result in our missing design cycles or losing design wins, either of which could result in a loss of market share or negatively impact our operating results.

Because of the importance of software development tools to the development and enhancement of our solutions, our relationships with leaders in the computer-aided design industry, including Cadence Design Systems, Inc., Mentor Graphics Corporation and Synopsys, Inc., are critical to us. If these relationships are not successful, we may be unable to develop new products or product enhancements in a timely manner, which could result in a loss of market share, a decrease in revenue or negatively impact our operating results.

We rely on third parties to provide services and technology necessary for the operation of our business. Any failure of one or more of our vendors, suppliers or licensors to provide such services or technology could harm our business.

We rely on third-party vendors to provide critical services, including, among other things, services related to accounting, human resources, information technology and network monitoring that we cannot or do not create or provide ourselves. We depend on these vendors to ensure that our corporate infrastructure will consistently meet our business requirements. The ability of these third-party vendors to successfully provide reliable and high-quality services is subject to technical and operational uncertainties that are beyond our control. While we may be entitled to damages if our vendors fail to perform under their agreements with us, our agreements with these vendors limit the amount of damages we may receive. In addition, we do not know whether we will be able to collect on any award of damages or that these damages would be sufficient to cover the actual costs we would incur as a result of any vendor’s failure to perform under its agreement with us. Upon expiration or termination of any of our agreements with third-party vendors, we may not be able to replace the services provided to us in a timely manner or on terms and conditions, including service levels and cost, that are favorable to us, and a transition from one vendor to another vendor could subject us to operational delays and inefficiencies until the transition is complete.

Any disruption to the operations of our third-party contractors and their suppliers could cause significant delays in the production or shipment of our products.

Our operations could be harmed if manufacturing, logistics or other operations of our third-party contractors or their suppliers are disrupted for any reason, including natural disasters, high heat events or water shortages, severe storms, other negative impacts from climate change, information technology system failures, military actions or environmental, public health or regulatory issues. The majority of our products are manufactured by or receive components from third-party contractors located in South Korea, Taiwan and Japan. The risk of an earthquake or tsunami in South Korea, Taiwan, Japan and elsewhere in the Pacific Rim region is significant due to the proximity of major earthquake fault lines. For example, in December 2006 a major earthquake occurred in Taiwan and in March 2011 a major earthquake and tsunami occurred in Japan. Although we are not aware of any significant damage suffered by our third-party contractors as a result of those natural disasters, the occurrence of additional earthquakes or other natural disasters could result in the disruption of our foundry vendor or assembly and test capacity. A disruption in the availability of image sensors from Sony Corporation as a result of the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan earthquake impacted our customers’ ability to build or launch cameras and, as a result, negatively impacted the timing and scope of demand for our SoCs in fiscal year 2017. Any disruption resulting from such events could cause significant delays in the production or shipment of our products until we are able to shift our manufacturing, assembling or testing from the affected contractor to another third-party vendor. We may not be able to obtain alternate capacity on favorable terms, or at all.

Risks Related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment

Our ability to sell our products to several China customers has been restricted.

In October 2019, our security camera customers Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd, or Hikvision, and Zhejiang Dahua Technology Co., Ltd., or Dahua, were added to the Entity List of the Bureau of Industry and Security, or BIS, of the U.S. Department of Commerce, or Commerce, which imposes limitations on the supply of certain U.S. items to the listed entities. In December 2020, certain affiliated entities of our customer Shenzhen Dajiang Baiwang Technology Co., Ltd., or Dajiang Baiwang, were added to the Entity List. While the addition of Hikvision, Dahua and affiliates of Dajiang Baiwang to the Entity List negatively impacts our ability to ship items subject to BIS regulations to these listed entities, we have determined that we are able to ship some SoC products to the listed entities in compliance with applicable law. Notwithstanding our ability to continue to supply some SoC products to the listed entities, these customers may seek to obtain similar or substitute products from our competitors that are not subject to these limitations, or to develop similar or substitute products themselves. We also cannot be certain what additional actions the U.S. government may take with respect to Hikvision, Dahua and Dajiang Baiwang, or our other China customers, including changes to the Entity List restrictions, export regulations, tariffs or other trade restrictions, or whether the Chinese government may take any actions in response to U.S. government action that may adversely affect our ability to do business with our China customers. Even in the absence of new restrictions, tariffs or trade actions imposed by the U.S. or Chinese government, our China customers may take actions to reduce dependence on the supply of components subject to U.S. trade regulations, including our SoC solutions, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. We are unable to predict the duration of the restrictions imposed by the U.S. government or of any additional governmental actions, any of which could have a long-term adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Global economic and political conditions, including possible trade tariffs and trade restrictions, may have an impact on our business and financial condition in ways that we currently cannot predict.

Beyond the BIS actions relating to Hikvision, Dahua and affiliates of Dajiang Baiwang, general trade tensions between the United States and China have been escalating, which has, in our view, created and will continue to create an uncertain business environment. For example, BIS has added over 150 entities related to Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. to the Entity List and created new controls on foreign-produced items when one of these entities is a party to the transaction. If additional tariffs or trade restrictions are imposed on our SoC solutions or the products of our customers, or trade restrictions are imposed on our ability to conduct business with certain customers, there could be a negative impact on our operations and financial performance. For example, H.R. 5515 - John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 negatively impacts Hikvision and Dahua’s ability to sell products into the U.S. security camera market and could decrease their demand for our solutions. Similarly, changes in export classification requirements, such as those proposed by U.S. Congress, could impact our ability to supply our solutions to certain companies or in certain countries. Even in the absence of new restrictions, tariffs or changes in export classifications, it is possible that foreign customers could take actions to reduce dependence on the supply of components, including our solutions, that could be subject to new export classifications or trade restrictions. There are also risks that the Chinese government may, among other things, require the use of local suppliers, compel companies that do business in China to partner with local companies to conduct business and provide incentives to government-backed local customers to buy from local suppliers. The materialization of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets.

The U.S. and various foreign governments have imposed controls, export license requirements and restrictions on the import or export of certain products, technologies and software. We must export our products in compliance with U.S. export controls, including the Commerce’s Export Administration Regulations. We may not always be successful in obtaining necessary export licenses, and our failure to obtain required import or export approval for our products or limitations on our ability to export or sell our products imposed by these laws may harm both our international and domestic sales and adversely affect our revenue. Noncompliance with these laws could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm.

Compliance with export and import regulations have not had a significant impact on our business to date, but changes in our products or changes in export, import and economic sanctions laws and regulations may delay our introduction of new products in international markets, prevent our customers from deploying our products internationally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products to or from certain countries altogether. Any change in export or import regulations or legislation, shift or change in enforcement, or change in the countries, persons or technologies targeted by these regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. In such event, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We are subject to warranty and product liability claims and to product recalls.

From time to time, we are subject to warranty claims that may require us to make significant expenditures to defend these claims or pay damage awards. In the future, we may also be subject to product liability claims resulting from failure of our solutions or if products we design, manufacture, or sell, cause personal injury or property damage, even where the cause is unrelated to product defects. These risks will likely increase as our products are introduced into new devices, markets, or applications, including autonomous and semi-autonomous automotive, drone and robotic applications. In the event of a warranty claim, we may also incur costs if we compensate the affected customer. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance is limited in amount and subject to significant deductibles. There is no guarantee that our insurance will be available or adequate to protect against all claims. We also may incur costs and expenses relating to a recall of one of our customers’ products containing one of our devices. The process of identifying a recalled product in consumer devices that have been widely distributed may be lengthy and require significant resources, and we may incur significant replacement costs, contract damage claims from our customers and reputational harm. Costs or payments made in connection with warranty and product liability claims and product recalls could harm our financial condition and results of operations, as well as harm our reputation and cause the market value of our ordinary shares to decline.

We are subject to governmental laws, regulations and other legal obligations related to privacy and data protection.

The legislative and regulatory framework for privacy and data protection issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We collect personally identifiable information, or PII, and other data as part of our business processes and activities. This data is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, including oversight by various regulatory or other governmental bodies. Many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union and other relevant jurisdictions where we conduct business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of PII and other data obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdictions that are currently more restrictive than those in the U.S. For example, effective May 2018, the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation that imposed more stringent data protection requirements and provided for greater penalties for noncompliance. Similarly, California has adopted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, or CCPA, which took effect in 2020. The CCPA gives California residents the right to access, delete and opt out of certain sharing of their information, and imposes penalties for failure to comply. Any inability, or perceived inability, to adequately address privacy and data protection concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation and adversely affect our business.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and similar laws associated with our activities outside of the United States could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We face significant risks if we fail to comply with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payment to foreign governments and political parties by us for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. In many foreign countries, particularly in countries with developing economies, it may be a local custom that businesses operating in such countries engage in business practices that are prohibited by the FCPA or other applicable laws and regulations. Although we implemented an FCPA compliance program, we cannot assure you that all of our employees and agents, as well as those companies to which we outsource certain of our business operations, will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Any violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-corruption laws could result in severe criminal or civil sanctions and, in the case of the FCPA, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracting, which could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

We, our customers and third-party contractors are subject to increasingly complex environmental regulations and compliance with these regulations may delay or interrupt our operations and adversely affect our business.

We face increasing complexity in our procurement, design, and research and development operations as a result of requirements relating to the materials composition of our products, including the European Union’s, or EU’s, Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, or RoHS, directive, which restricts the content of lead and certain other hazardous substances in specified electronic products put on the market in the EU and similar Chinese legislation relating to marking of electronic products which became effective in March 2007. Failure to comply with these and similar laws and regulations could subject us to fines, penalties, civil or criminal sanctions, contract damage claims, and take-back of non-compliant products, which could harm our business, reputation and operating results. The passage of similar requirements in additional jurisdictions or the tightening of these standards in jurisdictions where our products are already subject to such requirements could cause us to incur significant expenditures to make our products compliant with new requirements, or could limit the markets into which we may sell our products.

Our failure to comply with present and future environmental, health and safety laws could cause us to incur substantial costs, result in civil or criminal fines and penalties and decreased revenue, which could adversely affect our operating results. Failure by our foundry vendors or other suppliers to comply with applicable environmental laws and requirements could cause disruptions and delays in our product shipments, which could adversely affect our relations with our ODMs and OEMs and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Regulations related to “conflict minerals” may force us to incur additional expenses, may make our supply chain more complex and may result in damage to our reputation with customers.

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the Dodd-Frank Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, has adopted requirements for companies that use certain minerals and metals, known as conflict minerals, in their products, whether or not these products are manufactured by third parties. These requirements require companies to perform due diligence, disclose and report whether or not such minerals originate from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjoining countries. These requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of minerals used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, including our products. While these requirements continue to be subject to administrative uncertainty, we have incurred, and may continue to incur, costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of any of the relevant minerals and metals used in our products. Since our supply chain is complex, we may not be able to sufficiently verify the origins for these minerals and metals used in our products through the due diligence procedures that we implement, which may harm our reputation. In such event, we may also face difficulties in satisfying customers who require that all of the components of our products are certified as conflict mineral free.

We are subject to regulatory compliance requirements, including Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which are costly to comply with, and our failure to comply with these requirements could harm our business and operating results.

We are subject to disclosure and compliance requirements associated with being a public company, including but not limited to compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. For example, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that our management report on, and our independent auditors attest to, the effectiveness of our internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting. Compliance with Section 404 requires a significant amount of time, expenses and diversion of internal resources. If we or our auditors discover a material weakness in our internal controls, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, could reduce the market’s confidence in our financial statements and harm our stock price. In addition, if we fail to maintain effective controls over financial reporting, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by The NASDAQ Stock Market, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Irrespective of compliance with Section 404, any failure of our internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our stated results of operations and harm our reputation. Furthermore, investor perceptions of our company may suffer, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our ordinary shares.

Changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income tax returns could adversely affect our results.

Our future effective tax rates could be adversely affected if our earnings are lower than anticipated in countries where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in countries where we have higher statutory rates, by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, tax effects of share-based compensation, or by changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles or interpretations thereof. For example, changes in tax laws, including the U.S. federal tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or Tax Act, as well as other factors, could cause us to experience fluctuations in our tax obligations and effective tax rates and otherwise adversely affect our tax positions and/or our tax liabilities.

The Tax Act requires complex computations not previously provided in U.S. tax law. The U.S. Department of Treasury has broad authority to issue regulations and interpretative guidance that may significantly impact how we will apply the law and impact our results of operations in the period issued. As such, the application of accounting guidance for such items is currently uncertain. Further, compliance with the Tax Act and the accounting for such provisions require accumulation of information not previously required or regularly produced. While we have completed our accounting for the effects of the Tax Act, additional regulatory guidance may still be issued by the applicable taxing authorities which could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.

In addition, our income tax returns are subject to continuous examination by the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and other tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. We cannot assure you that the outcomes from these continuous examinations will not have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Our operations are subject to certain taxes, such as income and transaction taxes, in the Cayman Islands, the United States, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan and other jurisdictions in which we do business. A change in the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we do business, including an increase in tax rates or an adverse change in the treatment of an item of income or expense, possibly with retroactive effect, could result in a material increase in the amount of taxes we incur. In particular, past proposals have been made to change certain U.S. tax laws relating to foreign entities with U.S. connections, which may include us. For example, previously proposed legislation has considered treating certain foreign corporations as U.S. domestic corporations (and therefore taxable on all of their worldwide income) if the management and control of the foreign corporation occurs, directly or indirectly, primarily within the United States. If such legislation were enacted, we could, depending on the precise form, be subject to U.S. taxation notwithstanding our domicile outside the United States. In addition, on October 5, 2015 the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD, which represents a coalition of member countries, released its final reports from the BEPS Action Plans. The final reports include recommendations covering a number of issues, including country-by-country reporting, permanent establishment rules, transfer pricing rules and tax treaties. These changes, which have been or are in the process of being adopted by numerous countries, could increase uncertainties and may adversely affect our provision for income taxes. In December 2018, the Cayman Islands passed the International Tax Co-Operation (Economic Substance) Law, 2018. Effective as of January 1, 2019, the new legislation requires Cayman Islands companies carrying one or more relevant activity to maintain a substantial economic presence in the Cayman Islands. Effective from December 31, 2019, we have structured our activities to comply with the new law. However, the legislation remains subject to further clarification and interpretation and accordingly, there is no guarantee that we will be deemed to be compliant. Furthermore, this legislation may require us to make additional changes to the activities we carry on in the Cayman Islands, which could increase our cost of operations, and we could be subject to penalties for lack of compliance. As a result, we are not able to determine the impact on our operations and net income as of the current period.

We are subject to periodic audits or other reviews by tax authorities in the jurisdictions in which we conduct our activities. Any such audit, examination or review requires management’s time, diverts internal resources and, in the event of an unfavorable outcome, may result in additional tax liabilities or other adjustments to our historical results.

Because we conduct operations in multiple jurisdictions, our effective tax rate is influenced by the amounts of income and expense attributed to each such jurisdiction. If such amounts were to change so as to increase the amounts of our net income subject to taxation in higher-tax jurisdictions, or if we were to commence operations in jurisdictions assessing relatively higher tax rates, our effective tax rate could be adversely affected. In addition, we may determine that it is advisable from time to time to repatriate earnings from subsidiaries under circumstances that could give rise to imposition of potentially significant withholding taxes by the jurisdictions in which such amounts were earned, without our receiving the benefit of any offsetting tax credits, which could also adversely impact our effective tax rate.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. holders of our ordinary shares.

Based on the current and anticipated valuation of our assets and the composition of our income and assets, we do not expect to be considered a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our 2021 fiscal year or the foreseeable future. However, a separate determination must be made at the close of each taxable year as to whether we are a PFIC for that taxable year, and we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for our 2022 fiscal year or any future taxable year. Under current law, a non-U.S. corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (a) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (b) at least 50% of the value of its assets, generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year, is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. PFIC status depends on the composition of our assets and income and the value of our assets (which may be based in part on the value of our ordinary shares which may fluctuate), including, among others, a pro rata portion of the income and assets of each subsidiary in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% by value of the subsidiary’s equity interests, from time to time. Because we currently hold, and expect to continue to hold, a substantial amount of cash or cash equivalents, and because the calculation of the value of our assets may be based in part on the value of our ordinary shares which may fluctuate and may fluctuate considerably given that market prices of technology companies historically often have been volatile, we may be a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder held ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply for such U.S. holder.

Changes in our United States federal income tax classification, or that of our subsidiaries, could result in adverse tax consequences to our 10% or greater U.S. shareholders.

The Tax Act may have changed the consequences to U.S. shareholders that own, or are considered to own, as a result of the attribution rules, ten percent or more of the voting power or value of the stock of a non-U.S. corporation (a 10% U.S. shareholder) under the U.S. Federal income tax law applicable to owners of U.S. controlled foreign corporations, or CFCs.

Prior to the Tax Act, we did not believe that we, or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, were considered a CFC, which is a determination made daily based on whether the 10% U.S. shareholders together own, or are considered to own under the attribution rules, more than fifty percent of the voting power or value of a non-U.S. corporation. The Tax Act repealed Internal Revenue Code Section 958(b)(4), which, unless clarified in future regulations or other guidance, may result in classification of certain of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries as CFCs with respect to any single 10% U.S. shareholder. This may be the result without regard to whether 10% U.S. shareholders together own, directly or indirectly, more than fifty percent of the voting power or value of the Company as was the case under prior rules. The repeal is effective as of the last taxable year of CFCs beginning before January 1, 2018 and for the taxable year of 10% U.S. shareholders in which the CFCs' taxable year ends.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to compete effectively or defend ourselves from litigation, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely primarily on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements and other contractual protections, to protect our proprietary technologies and know-how, all of which offer only limited protection. The steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, and our ability to prevent such misappropriation or infringement is uncertain, particularly in countries outside of the United States. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier for our competitors to offer similar products or technologies, which would harm our business. For example, our patents and patent applications could be opposed, contested, circumvented, designed around by our competitors or be declared invalid or unenforceable in judicial or administrative proceedings. Our foreign patent protection is generally not as comprehensive as our U.S. patent protection and may not protect our intellectual property in some countries where our products are sold or may be sold in the future. Many U.S.-based companies have encountered substantial intellectual property infringement in foreign countries, including countries where we sell products. Even if foreign patents are granted, effective enforcement in foreign countries may not be available. For example, the legal environment relating to intellectual property protection in certain emerging market countries where we operate is relatively weaker, often making it difficult to create and enforce such rights. We may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights in these emerging markets or elsewhere. If such an impermissible use of our intellectual property or trade secrets were to occur, our ability to sell our solutions at competitive prices may be adversely affected and our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

We may in the future need to initiate infringement claims or litigation in order to try to protect our intellectual property rights. Litigation, whether we are a plaintiff or a defendant, can be expensive, time-consuming and may divert the efforts of our technical staff and management, which could harm our business, whether or not such litigation results in a determination favorable to us. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not being issued. Additionally, any enforcement of our patents or other intellectual property may provoke third parties to assert counterclaims against us. If we are unable to protect our proprietary rights or if third parties independently develop or gain access to our or similar technologies, our business, revenue, reputation and competitive position could be harmed.

Third parties’ assertions of infringement of their intellectual property rights could result in our having to incur significant costs and cause our operating results to suffer.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights and positions, which has resulted in protracted and expensive litigation for many companies. Certain of our customers have received, and we expect, particularly to the extent we gain greater market visibility, that in the future we may receive, communications from others alleging our infringement of their patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights. In addition, certain of our end customers have been the subject of lawsuits alleging infringement of intellectual property rights by products incorporating our solutions, including the assertion that the alleged infringement may be attributable, at least in part, to our technology. Lawsuits resulting from such allegations could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidate our proprietary rights, though this has not occurred to date. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

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stop selling products or using technology that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property;

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incur significant legal expenses;

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pay substantial damages to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing;

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redesign those products that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property;

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attempt to obtain a license to the relevant intellectual property from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; or

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lose the opportunity to license our technology to others or to collect royalty payments based upon successful protection and assertion of our intellectual property against others.

Any significant impairment of our intellectual property rights from any litigation we face could harm our business and our ability to compete.

Any potential dispute involving our patents or other intellectual property could affect our customers, which could trigger our indemnification obligations to them and result in substantial expense to us.

In any potential dispute involving our patents or other intellectual property, our customers could also become the target of litigation. Certain of our customers have received notices from third parties claiming to have patent rights in certain technology and inviting our customers to license this technology, and certain of our end customers have been the subject of lawsuits alleging infringement of patents by products incorporating our solutions, including the assertion that the alleged infringement may be attributable, at least in part, to our technology. Because we generally indemnify our customers for intellectual property claims made against them for products incorporating our technology, any litigation could trigger technical support and indemnification obligations under some of our license agreements, which could result in substantial expense to us. Because some of our ODMs and OEMs are larger than we are and have greater resources than we do, they may be more likely to be the target of an infringement claim by third parties than we would be, which could increase our chances of becoming involved in a future lawsuit. If any such claims were to succeed, we might be forced to pay damages on behalf of our ODMs or OEMs that could increase our expenses, disrupt our ability to sell our solutions and reduce our revenue. In addition to the time and expense required for us to supply support or indemnification to our customers, any such litigation could severely disrupt or shut down the business of our customers, which in turn could hurt our relations with our customers and cause the sale of our products to decrease.

The use of open source software in our products, processes and technology may expose us to additional risks and compromise our proprietary intellectual property.

Our products, processes and technology sometimes utilize and incorporate software that is subject to an open source license. Open source software is typically freely accessible, usable and modifiable. Certain open source software licenses, such as the GNU General Public License, require a user who intends to distribute the open source software as a component of the user’s software to disclose publicly part or all of the source code to the user’s software. In addition, certain open source software licenses require the user of such software to make any derivative works of the open source code available to others on terms unfavorable to us or at no cost. This can subject previously proprietary software to open source license terms.

While we monitor the use of open source software in our products, processes and technology and try to ensure that no open source software is used in such a way as to require us to disclose the source code to the related product, processes or technology when we do not wish to do so, such use could inadvertently occur. Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated certain types of open source software into software we license from such third-party for our products, processes or technology, we could, under certain circumstances, be required to disclose the source code to our products, processes or technology. This could harm our intellectual property position and our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares

The market price of our ordinary shares may be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.

Since our initial public offering in October 2012, the market price of our ordinary shares has been highly volatile. The trading price of our ordinary shares is likely to remain volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in price in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include:

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changes in financial estimates, including our ability to meet our future revenue and operating profit or loss projections;

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fluctuations in our operating results or those of other semiconductor or comparable companies;

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fluctuations in the economic performance or market valuations of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

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economic developments in the semiconductor industry as a whole;

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general economic conditions, including conditions caused by pandemics, and slow or negative growth of related markets;

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trade and other geopolitical activities affecting markets we address;

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announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, new products, significant contracts or orders, commercial relationships or capital commitments;

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our ability to develop and market new and enhanced solutions on a timely basis;

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changes in the demand for our customers’ products;

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commencement of or our involvement in litigation;

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disruption to our operations;

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any major change in our board of directors or management;

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political or social conditions in the markets where we sell our products;

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changes in governmental regulations; and

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changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for semiconductor and other technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry factors may cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decrease, regardless of our actual operating performance. These trading price fluctuations may also make it more difficult for us to use our ordinary shares as a means to make acquisitions or to use options to purchase our ordinary shares to attract and retain employees. If the market price of our ordinary shares declines, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Our actual operating results may not meet or exceed our guidance and investor expectations, which would likely cause our stock price to decline.

From time to time, we may release guidance in our earnings releases, earnings conference calls or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represent our management’s estimates as of the date of release. If given, this guidance, which will include forward-looking statements, will be based on projections prepared by our management. Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. The principal reason that we expect to release guidance is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors. With or without our guidance, analysts and other investors may publish expectations regarding our business, financial performance and results of operations. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such third persons.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions of the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. If our actual performance does not meet or exceed our guidance or investor expectations, the trading price of our ordinary shares is likely to decline.

The price of our ordinary shares could decrease as a result of shares being sold in the market.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. We filed registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares for issuance under our 2004 Stock Plan, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and the Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan provide for automatic increases in the shares reserved for issuance under these plans which could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. These shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance and vesting, subject to restrictions provided under the terms of the applicable plan and/or the option agreements entered into with option holders.

We may also issue ordinary shares or securities convertible into ordinary shares from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing shareholders and cause the trading price of our stock to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our ordinary shares and, consequently, a shareholder’s ability to achieve a return on its investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our ordinary shares.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not currently intend to do so for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Therefore, shareholders are not likely to receive any dividends on their ordinary shares for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment in our ordinary shares will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that our ordinary shares will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our shareholders have purchased their shares. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our ordinary shares.

Provisions of our memorandum and articles of association and Cayman Islands corporate law may discourage or prevent an acquisition of us which could adversely affect the value of our ordinary shares.

Provisions of our memorandum and articles of association and Cayman Islands law may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions include the following:

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the division of our board of directors into three classes;

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the right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our board of directors or due to the resignation or departure of an existing board member;

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prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors which would otherwise allow less than a majority of shareholders to elect director candidates;

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the requirement for the advance notice of nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at a shareholders’ meeting;

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the ability of our board of directors to issue, without shareholder approval, such amounts of preference shares as the board of directors deems necessary and appropriate with terms set by our board of directors, which rights could be senior to those of our ordinary shares;

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the elimination of the rights of shareholders to call a special meeting of shareholders and to take action by written consent in lieu of a meeting; and

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the required approval of a special resolution of the shareholders, being a two-thirds vote of shares held by shareholders present and voting at a shareholder meeting, to alter or amend the provisions of our post-offering memorandum and articles of association.

Holders of our ordinary shares may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, by the Companies Law (as the same may be supplemented or amended from time to time) of the Cayman Islands and by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States and provides significantly less protection to investors. There is no legislation specifically dedicated to the rights of investors in securities and thus no statutorily defined private cause of action specific to investors such as those provided under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In addition, shareholders of Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate shareholder derivative actions in U.S. federal courts. Therefore, you may have more difficulty in protecting your interests in the face of actions by our management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States due to the comparatively less developed nature of Cayman Islands law in this area.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies, such as our company, have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of the company. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors.

Holders of our ordinary shares may have difficulty obtaining or enforcing a judgment against us because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands.

It may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us in the Cayman Islands if you believe your rights have been infringed under U.S. securities laws. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits. While there is no binding authority on this point, this is likely to include, in certain circumstances, a non-penal judgment of a United States court imposing a monetary award based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. The Grand Court of the Cayman Islands may stay proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. There is uncertainty as to whether the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands would recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof and whether the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands would hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof.

General Risk Factors

If our operations are interrupted, our business and reputation could suffer.

Our operations and those of our manufacturers are vulnerable to interruption caused by technical breakdowns, computer hardware and software malfunctions, software viruses, infrastructure failures, regional health issues and pandemics, earthquakes, fires, severe storms, floods and other negative impacts from climate change, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, wars, Internet failures and other events beyond our control. Any disruption in our services or operations could result in a reduction in revenue or a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of whether we are responsible for that failure. The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in significant governmental measures being implemented to control the spread of the virus, including, among others, restrictions on travel, manufacturing and the movement of employees in many regions of the world, and the imposition of remote or work from home conditions in many of our offices, including the United States and Italy. If the remote or work from home conditions continue for an extended period of time, or similar restrictions and measures are implemented in more of the locations where we have offices, we may experience delays in product development, a decreased ability to support our customers, reduced design win activity, and overall lack of productivity. We rely on our computer equipment, database storage facilities and other office equipment, which are located primarily in the seismically active San Francisco Bay Area and Taiwan. If we suffer a significant database or network facility outage, our business could experience disruption until we fully implement our back-up systems.

If securities analysts or industry analysts downgrade our ordinary shares, publish negative research or reports or fail to publish reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business and our market. If one or more analysts adversely changes their recommendation regarding our stock or our competitors’ stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more analysts cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

ITEM 6. Exhibits

The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Quarterly Report.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number	Description

3.1(1)		Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association and Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association of the Registrant.

10.1(2)		Ambarella, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan.

10.2		Amendment No. 6 to Sales Representative Agreement dated May 1, 2021 by and between Ambarella, Inc. and WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd.

31.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

31.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

32.1±		Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Schema Linkbase Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Labels Linkbase Document

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document

104		The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended July 31, 2021, has been formatted in Inline XBRL and included in Exhibit 101.

(1)	Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s registration statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-174838) Amendment No. 3 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 12, 2012.

(2)	Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s current report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 23, 2021.

In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 33-8238 and 34-47986, Final Rule: Management’s Reports on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	AMBARELLA, INC.

Date: September 8, 2021	By:	/s/ Feng-Ming Wang
		Feng-Ming Wang
		President and Chief Executive Officer

Date: September 8, 2021	By:	/s/ Kevin C. Eichler
		Kevin C. Eichler
		Chief Financial Officer

amba-ex102_136.htm

Exhibit 10.2

CERTAIN IDENTIFIED INFORMATION HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THE EXHIBIT BECAUSE IT IS BOTH (I) NOT MATERIAL AND (II) WOULD BE COMPETITIVELY HARMFUL IF PUBLICLY DISCLOSED, AND THE EXCLUDED TERMS HAVE BEEN MARKED AT THE APPROPRIATE PLACE WITH AN ASTERISK [*].

Amendment No. 6 to

Sales Representative Agreement

This Amendment No. 6 to Sales Representative Agreement (“Amendment”) is entered into by and between Ambarella International LP, an Ontario, Canada limited partnership having a place of business at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands (“COMPANY”), and WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd., with a place of business at 14F, No. 738, Chung Cheng Road, Chung Ho City, Taipei Hsien, Taiwan, R.O.C. (“Representative”).

WHEREAS, Ambarella, Inc. (an affiliate of Ambarella International LP) and Representative entered into a Sales Representative Agreement, effective January 31, 2011, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Sales Representative Agreement, effective February 1, 2012, Amendment No. 2 to Sales Representative Agreement, effective October 1, 2012, Amendment No. 3 to Sales Representative Agreement, effective February 1, 2013, Amendment to Extend Term of Sales Representative Agreement, effective August 1, 2015, and Amendment to Sales Representative Agreement, effective June 1, 2019 (collectively, the “Agreement”),

WHEREAS, Ambarella, Inc. assigned the Agreement to Ambarella International LP, effective December 7, 2020, and the parties now wish to amend the Agreement;

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the terms and conditions set forth in this Amendment, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is hereby acknowledged, the parties agree that the Agreement is hereby amended as follows:

Unless otherwise defined herein, all capitalized terms set forth herein shall have the same meanings attributed to such terms in the Agreement.

This Amendment shall become effective on May 01, 2021 (“Amendment Effective Date”) and expire or terminate upon the expiration or termination of the Agreement. The provisions of this Amendment shall survive expiration or termination to the extent set forth in the Agreement.

Section 7 (Payment) of the Agreement is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following:

7.Payment

Except as provided herein, payment terms for all Products shall be within [*] days after the end of the calendar month of the invoice date hereunder issued by COMPANY, unless otherwise agreed between the parties. All payments shall be made in United States dollars in immediately available funds.

Exhibit C (Commission) to the Agreement is deleted in its entirety and replaced with Exhibit C to this Amendment.

Except as otherwise provided in this Amendment, all terms and conditions of the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. To the extent this Amendment conflicts with the Agreement, the terms and conditions of this Amendment shall control.

(remainder of page intentionally left blank;

Signature page to follow)

Page 2 of 4

In Witness Whereof, the parties have caused their duly authorized representatives to execute this Amendment No. 6 to Sales Representative Agreement as of the Amendment Effective Date.

Ambarella International LP

(represented by Ambarella, Inc., acting in its capacity as General Partner of Ambarella International LP)

WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd.

By: /s/ Yun-Lung Chen

By: /s/ Eric Cheng

Name: Yun-Lung Chen

Name: Eric Cheng

Title: VP

Title: Chairman & CEO

Date: April 29, 2021

Date: April 20, 2021

Page 3 of 4

Exhibit C to

AMENDMENT NO. 6 TO

SALES REPRESENTATIVE AGREEMENT

Commission

Company shall pay to Representative an earned sales commission on sales of Products according to the rates set forth in: (1) a table to be mutually agreed upon between the parties in writing (“Commission Table”), or (2) in the specific SA (sales agreement) issued by Company, as agreed to by Representative. As new customer accounts are obtained, the parties will meet in good faith to assign a commission rate to such new account based upon the Guiding Principles described below. The commission rate for existing customer accounts may be changed from time to time by mutual agreement of the parties based upon changes in the manner in which the customer is supported or other factors. Company shall pay to Representative the commission via bank wire transfer on a monthly basis pursuant to Section 6 of the Agreement.

Guiding Principles: In general, unless otherwise agreed by the parties Company shall pay Representative a commission at the rate of (i) [*] percent ([*]%) for sales of products related to a design win generated by Representative, and (ii) [*] percent ([*]%) for sales of products related to a design win generated by the Company or one of the Company's other sales representatives or agents. The commission rate for sales made to an ODM or contract manufacturer will generally be the same as for the commission rate of the OEM with whom the design win was procured.

Process for New Accounts: The parties will update the Commission Table from time to time as appropriate to add or delete customer accounts falling within Representative's Territory.

Page 4 of 4

amba-ex311_8.htm

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

I, Feng-Ming Wang, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Ambarella, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: September 8, 2021

/s/ Feng-Ming Wang

Feng-Ming Wang

President and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

amba-ex312_6.htm

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

I, Kevin C. Eichler, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Ambarella, Inc.;

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: September 8, 2021

/s/ Kevin C. Eichler

Kevin C. Eichler

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

amba-ex321_7.htm

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Feng-Ming Wang, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Quarterly Report of Ambarella, Inc. on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2021 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and that the information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of Ambarella, Inc.

Date: September 8, 2021



By:		/s/ Feng-Ming Wang
Name:		Feng-Ming Wang
Title:		President and Chief Executive Officer

I, Kevin C. Eichler, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Quarterly Report of Ambarella, Inc. on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended July 31, 2021 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and that the information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents in all material respects the financial condition and results of operations of Ambarella, Inc.

Date: September 8, 2021



By:		/s/ Kevin C. Eichler
Name:		Kevin C. Eichler
Title:		Chief Financial Officer